Skip to main content
Download PDF

Quality care outcomes following transitional care interventions for older people from hospital to home: a systematic review

BMC Health Services Research volume 14, Article number: 346 (2014) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Provision of high quality transitional care is a challenge for health care providers in many western countries. This systematic review was conducted to (1) identify and synthesise research, using randomised control trial designs, on the quality of transitional care interventions compared with standard hospital discharge for older people with chronic illnesses, and (2) make recommendations for research and practice.

Methods

Eight databases were searched; CINAHL, Psychinfo, Medline, Proquest, Academic Search Complete, Masterfile Premier, SocIndex, Humanities and Social Sciences Collection, in addition to the Cochrane Collaboration, Joanna Briggs Institute and Google Scholar. Results were screened to identify peer reviewed journal articles reporting analysis of quality indicator outcomes in relation to a transitional care intervention involving discharge care in hospital and follow-up support in the home. Studies were limited to those published between January 1990 and May 2013. Study participants included people 60 years of age or older living in their own homes who were undergoing care transitions from hospital to home. Data relating to study characteristics and research findings were extracted from the included articles. Two reviewers independently assessed studies for risk of bias.

Results

Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria. Transitional care interventions reported in most studies reduced re-hospitalizations, with the exception of general practitioner and primary care nurse models. All 12 studies included outcome measures of re-hospitalization and length of stay indicating a quality focus on effectiveness, efficiency, and safety/risk. Patient satisfaction was assessed in six of the 12 studies and was mostly found to be high. Other outcomes reflecting person and family centred care were limited including those pertaining to the patient and carer experience, carer burden and support, and emotional support for older people and their carers. Limited outcome measures were reported reflecting timeliness, equity, efficiencies for community providers, and symptom management.

Conclusions

Gaps in the evidence base were apparent in the quality domains of timeliness, equity, efficiencies for community providers, effectiveness/symptom management, and domains of person and family centred care. Further research that involves the person and their family/caregiver in transitional care interventions is needed.

Peer Review reports

Background

Older people with complex comorbid health problems are frequently required to transition between hospital and home during an episode of acute illness. Estimates from the United States suggest that at least 20% of older Medicare recipients with five or more chronic conditions require frequent inpatient and emergency care from hospitals [1, 2]. The provision of high quality transitional care continues to be a challenge in many western countries because of a continued focus on acute, episodic care [3–7]. In Western countries, health care quality standards and expectations emphasise effective, efficient, safe, timely and equitable care in addition to person and family centred care [4, 6–8]. However, previous researchers have found that studies investigating transitional care interventions have focussed on re-hospitalization rates and cost containment for inpatient providers [9–12]. This suggests that other indicators of quality of care have received less attention. These indicators include other domains of care effectiveness, efficiency and safety: for example; symptom management, self-management and efficiencies for community providers. Additionally, quality indicators of timeliness, equity and person and family centred care have received limited focus in research outcomes. This review was conducted to synthesise the evidence in relation to quality outcomes following transitional care for older people and their caregivers transferring from hospital to home in order to make recommendations for research and practice.

Demand on health services

The frequency and complexity of care transitions for older people is expected to increase considerably along with the predicted increases in demand on health and aged care services [13]. Globally, populations are aging due to declines in fertility and increases in life expectancy [14–16]. One effect of the aging population is the growing numbers of older people living with chronic illness who are expected to require extensive health and aged care from multiple providers and across multiple care settings [13, 17, 18]. Some policy makers and health planners in Australia have predicted that the numbers of people in the future workforce will be unable to sustain the resources required to support older people [5, 13]. There is a risk, however, that these views may be used to justify suboptimal health and aged care for older people [19]. Importantly, societies can adapt to changes in population aging and adopt age inclusive policies and practices [16, 19].

Quality in health care standards and indicators recommended in the United States of America [4], United Kingdom [8] and Australia [6] (see Table 1) include: effectiveness, efficiency, safety and risk, timeliness, equity and person and family centred care, offer opportunities and guidance for optimal health and aged care for older people including optimal transitional care from hospital to home. Research in the field of transitional care that is focussed on quality indicators is vital in guiding age centred policies and practices.

Table 1 Definition of quality indicators
Full size table

Transitional care

Transitional care is a broad term for care interventions that promote safe and timely transfer of patients between levels of care and across care settings [20–23]. Transitional care is not strictly defined by beginning and end points; it includes pre hospital discharge activities and immediate post hospital discharge follow-up at the next location of care [21, 24]. Transitional care can be considered a part of integrated care, which occurs over longer duration of care episodes [25] and it can be considered as a part of prevention of re-hospitalization programs within longer-term chronic disease management initiatives [26]. Although transitional care is related to integrated care and prevention of re-hospitalization programs, it is considered a conceptually distinct category of care interventions [24]. According to Coleman and Boult [20], there are a number of essential elements in quality transitional care: communication between providers about the discharge assessment and plan of care, preparation of the patient and carer for the care transition, reconciliation of medications at transition, a plan for follow-up, and patient education about self-management.

Preventable adverse events, including medication errors, falls, errors in diagnosis, post-operative infections and confused states, are risks for older people during care transitions, particularly those with functional difficulty and chronic illness [11, 27]. Consequently, discharge planning that occurs solely within the acute inpatient setting without in-home follow-up support is not sufficient in the case of many older people with chronic illnesses and functional difficulty [22, 25, 28]. The success of care transitions for many older people depends on holistic transitional care interventions involving both hospital discharge planning and in-home follow-up and support [13, 29].

What is currently known about quality transitions?

Reviews of the literature in transitional care interventions have focussed on assessing outcomes of re-hospitalization and length of stay with mixed findings [24, 27, 30–33]. Although in a recent Cochrane systematic review of transitional care nested within disease focussed models, Shepperd and colleagues [12] concluded that transitional care was “probably” effective in reducing rates of re-hospitalization in the immediate post discharge period and reducing length of stay. Shepperd and associates [12] further concluded that cost was most likely shifted from the inpatient to the community sector.

Risk has also been a focus in the literature. Mansah and colleagues [27] found that pharmacist led interventions in medication reconciliation reduced adverse events associated with non-adherence with medications in the home. Laugaland and colleagues [11] further identified transitional care interventions that reduced adverse events post discharge as those that commenced early in hospitalisation, involved key workers/discharge coordinators, included patients and family carers, involved a multidisciplinary and multicomponent approach, and reconciled medications. Some reviewers nominated re-hospitalization rates as an outcome capturing risk and safety following transitional care [27, 30, 34]. Effective communication between health providers during care transitions of older people has also been identified as important in reducing risks and adverse outcomes [11, 27, 34, 35].

Numerous reviewers have identified limited research and mixed findings about person and family centred experiences during care transitions and outcomes following transitional care interventions [10, 12, 24, 31, 32, 35–37]. These findings indicate that the older person’s experience and the experiences of their family/carer have not received sufficient attention in the transitional care intervention research to date.

Transitional care for older people has been evaluated largely in terms of re-hospitalization rates, thereby capturing specific dimensions of quality such as effectiveness, efficiency for inpatient providers, and risk and safety [27, 30]. Other important dimensions of quality in health care; person and family centred care, symptom management, efficiencies for community providers, timeliness and equity, have not received the same focus. Additionally, a research emphasis on reducing rates of re-hospitalization may unintentionally and subtly contribute to the exclusion of older people from health care [5, 13, 16, 19]. A holistic understanding of quality of care transitions is therefore required if transitional care providers and researchers are to assist societies and health care systems to adapt positively to changes associated with population aging.

Objectives

This systematic review was conducted to:

  1. (1)

    Locate and synthesise research using randomised control trial designs on quality of outcomes following transitional care interventions compared with standard hospital discharge for older people with chronic illnesses.

  2. (2)

    Make recommendations for research and practice.

Methods

This systematic review synthesised published studies, using randomised controlled trial designs, to investigate the effects of transitional care interventions for people aged 60 years and older on health care outcomes. Cochrane Collaboration guidelines [38] were used to direct the review.

Search strategy

A search for peer-reviewed journal articles was conducted using the search terms: 'discharge planning’, ' hospital discharge’, 'discharge care pathways’, 'discharge care protocols’, 'transitional care’, 'transitional care pathways’, 'transitional care protocols’. These terms were added to the phrase 'from the inpatient setting to the home’ to form concept groups. These concept groups were further combined with 'aged care’ and similar terms (aging, geriatrics, gerontology and older person care), and 'community’ and similar terms (home care, primary care, domiciliary care). Eight databases were searched: CINAHL, Psychinfo, Medline, Proquest, Academic Search Complete, Masterfile Premier, SocIndex, Humanities and Social Sciences Collection, in addition to the Cochrane Collaboration, Joanna Briggs Institute and Google Scholar.

Studies were limited to those published between January 1990 and May 2013. This timeframe was chosen due to the development since the 1990s in many western countries of community-based care programs and the evolution of more formally structured transitional care interventions inclusive of discharge processes and in-home follow-up [21, 39, 40].

Inclusion criteria

To be included, an article was required to (1) be published in a peer reviewed journal, (2) report on a transitional care intervention compared with standard hospital discharge, (3) use a randomized control trial design, (4) be published in English, and (5) provide an analysis of outcomes that evaluated quality indicators related to older people. Transitional care included any intervention applied in the inpatient setting, inclusive of follow-up in the community. All studies included people 60 years of age or older. Sixty years of age was selected because it was the definition of 'older adult’ used by the World Health Organization [13, 41].

Screening procedure

Articles were entered into an Endnote version 16 database [42] for screening and duplicates were removed. Two reviewers independently screened the title and abstract of each study to identify articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Records for which relevance could not be determined based on title and abstract alone were screened from the full text journal article. Discrepancies in reviewers’ decisions regarding relevance for inclusion were resolved by consensus.

Data extraction

Additionally, a data extraction tool was devised, based on an earlier literature review [9], to capture the main features of studies meeting the inclusion criteria (see Additional file 1). A single reviewer extracted the data for all included studies. Due to the heterogeneity in the transitional care interventions and outcomes, data were presented in tables and were not pooled.

Assessment for risk of bias

The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for the assessment of bias in randomized controlled trials was used to assess for bias in all included studies [38]. This tool appraises numerous areas of potential bias; selection bias, performance bias, detection bias, attrition bias, reporting bias and 'other’ sources of bias. The potential for selection bias is assessed in terms of the adequacy of randomisation processes (random sequence generation) and the adequacy of the concealment of allocation to intervention group (allocation concealment) [38]. Performance bias is the study bias that may result from the knowledge of research participants and research staff of the interventions that participants were allocated to. Detection bias is possible when outcome assessors know which interventions participants were allocated to [38]. Attrition bias is the potential for biased conclusions resulting from incomplete outcome data. Reporting bias may result from the selection of particular outcomes for reporting [38]. The potential for other sources of bias (other bias) was also appraised. Two reviewers independently assessed included studies for study bias in accordance with the guidelines for the bias assessment tool [38]. Both reviewers then met to compare their findings. Consistency rates between reviewers were high (>80%) with minor discrepancies resolved through discussion with a third reviewer.

Results

The search identified 405 records. Of these, 12 published journal articles met the inclusion criteria. Outcomes from the search and screening results are presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1
figure 1

Literature review search.

Full size image

Title and abstract screening resulted in the exclusion of 368 articles. Full texts for 37 articles were retrieved and a further 25 articles were excluded. Reasons for the exclusion of these articles are presented in Table 2.

Table 2 Reason for exclusion for studies retrieved in full text (n = 25)
Full size table

In total 5,269 older people were included across 12 randomised controlled trial studies conducted in four western countries: USA (7 studies), Australia (3 studies), Denmark (1 study), and France (1 study).

Transitional care interventions

Each of the transitional care interventions tested in the 12 studies [66–77] contained elements considered essential to high quality transitional care: discharge assessment and care planning, communication between providers, preparation of the person and carer for the care transition, reconciliation of medications at transition, community-based follow-up, and patient education about self-management [20, 24]. The main practitioner/s responsible for implementing the transitional care intervention varied across the 12 studies. Advanced practice nurses (nurses educationally prepared at Masters degree level) implemented the transitional care in five studies [68, 72, 74, 75, 77]. General practitioners (physicians in primary care) and primary care nurses (nurses educationally prepared at either Bachelor degree level or diploma level in primary care, also referred to as practice nurses) implemented transitional care in three studies [66, 67, 73]. The older person and their carer implemented their own transitional care with the support of a transition coach in the study by Coleman et al. [69]. Case managers were responsible for care transitions in the study by Lim et al. [76] and geriatricians were responsible for transitional care in the studies by Hansen et al. [70] and Legrain et al. [71].

With the exception of the self-management and transition coaching intervention described by Coleman et al. [69] there was limited reporting on the involvement of older people and their carers/family in the development of the transitional care intervention. Coleman et al. [69] reported that their intervention was informed by focus groups with older people and their families/carers who articulated what was important to them in quality care transitions and what sort of assistance they wanted in these care episodes [64].

The main limitations identified across the 12 studies were in relation to the generalizability of findings. Findings would only be generalizable to those people with similar characteristics to those included in the sample and to the practitioners implementing the intervention.

Characteristics of the included studies are presented in Table 3.

Table 3 Study characteristics - included studies (n = 12)
Full size table

Outcomes

Table 4 presents a summary of the outcome findings of the randomised controlled trial studies. Table 5 presents a summary of quality indicators measured in randomised controlled trial study outcomes.

Table 4 Main findings - included studies (n = 12)
Full size table
Table 5 Quality indicators assessed in study outcomes- included studies (n = 12)
Full size table

Efficiency, effectiveness and safety

Re-hospitalization rates, length of stay, and costs are considered important indicators of efficiency, effectiveness and patient safety [4, 6]. Eleven of the twelve studies measured re-hospitalization rates following the transitional care intervention [67–77], and three studies measured length of stay [66, 73], [86]. In six studies, significant reductions in re-hospitalization rates were found for people in the intervention groups at up to six months following hospital discharge [68–70, 72, 75, 77] and at up to three months following discharge in the study by Legrain et al. [71]. Three studies did not find any difference in re-hospitalization rates between treatment and control groups at up to six month follow up [73, 74, 76]. One study by Weinberger et al. [67] found the veterans in the intervention group had significantly higher rates of re-hospitalization than veterans in the control group. Weinberger et al. [67] speculated that the veterans in their study were experiencing very poor health and that the transitional care intervention assisted in early identification of health difficulties requiring re-hospitalisation.

Lim et al. [76] found reduced length of stay when older people were re-admitted following the intervention. Two studies [66, 73] found no significant differences in length of stay between intervention and control groups. One study by Weinberger et al. [67] found the veterans in the intervention group who were re-admitted had a longer stay in hospital than veterans in the control group.

Two studies assessing the effectiveness of general practitioner and practice nurse interventions on re-hospitalization rates [67, 73] or on length of stay [66, 73] did not find significant improvements in these outcomes.

Costs were assessed in three studies [68, 75, 77]. In each of these studies [68, 75, 77], costs were reduced for those people who received the intervention. Efficiencies for community providers were assessed in only one study. Enguidanos et al. [74] found fewer visits to general practitioners were required for those people who received the intervention.

Other quality indicators were assessed to determine the effectiveness of transitional care. Of the 12 included studies, two studies addressed functional status (Naylor et al. [77] and Naylor et al. [75]). Neither study found statistically significant differences on these measures for people who received the intervention. The study by Naylor et al. [77] assessed depressive symptoms following the intervention and found no statistically significant differences between intervention and control groups. Although assessment of re-hospitalization rates is inclusive of symptom control, few studies specifically measured symptom management following discharge or transitional care.

Quality of life was assessed in four studies [66, 67, 75, 76]. Naylor et al. [75] found an improvement for people who had participated in the intervention in physical quality of life. Preen et al. [66] found a significant improvement in mental quality of life for people who received the intervention one week following discharge. Lim et al. [76] found quality of life was better in people who had participated in the intervention at one-month follow-up. Weinberger et al. [67] found no differences in quality of life scores between veterans in their intervention and control groups.

Person and family centred care

Person and family centred care is considered essential to the quality of health care provision [4]. Patient satisfaction was measured in six of the 12 identified studies [66, 67, 73–75, 77]. Naylor et al. [75], Weinberger et al. [67], McInnes et al. [73], and Preen et al. [66] found that patient satisfaction scores for older people in the intervention groups were significantly improved compared with standard hospital discharge. Naylor et al. [77] and Enguidanos et al. [74] found no improvements in patient satisfaction following implementation of the transitional care intervention. Caregiver burden was measured in two studies [68, 76]. Naylor et al. [68] and Lim et al. [76] found no change in caregiver burden at one-month follow-up.

Timeliness and equity

Timeliness and equity are the two remaining quality indicators recommended by the Institute of Medicine [4]. Of the 12 studies, one study assessed timeliness. Preen et al. [66] found general practitioners reported satisfaction with the timely communication resulting from the intervention. Three studies [66, 70, 73] assessed equity and access to services and found that people in their intervention groups were more likely to be referred to community-based services.

Bias assessment

The potential for selection bias was assessed in terms of the adequacy of random sequence generation and allocation concealment [38]. Random sequence generation was identified as adequate with low risk of selection bias in nine of the 12 studies with three studies providing insufficient information about how the random sequence generation was conducted [66–68]. Allocation concealment was assessed as adequate with low risk of selection bias in eight of the 12 studies with four studies providing inadequate information about how this was undertaken [66, 68–70]. In the Cochrane tool, performance bias is the potential bias resulting from knowledge of research participants and research staff of the interventions that participants were allocated to [38]. No studies were identified as low risk in regard to performance bias.

Detection bias, according to the Cochrane bias assessment tool, is the potential for bias resulting from outcome assessors’ knowledge of the interventions that participants were allocated to [38]. Of the 12 studies, five provided insufficient information to assess the risk of detection bias as these studies did not report if the outcome data collectors were blinded to participant group [66, 68, 70–72]. The study by McInnes [73] was assessed to have low risk of detection bias for service utilisation outcomes but did not report how this risk was managed in relation to questionnaire data.

The risk of attrition bias, the potential for biased conclusions resulting from incomplete outcome data [38], was unclear across most of the included studies with exception to Coleman [69] where this risk was assessed as low.

There was a low risk of reporting bias, bias associated with the selection of particular outcomes for reporting [38], across 11 of the 12 studies with one study providing insufficient information to make an assessment [68]. The potential for other sources of bias was assessed as low risk in three studies [69, 74, 75] and unclear across the remaining nine studies. Findings from the bias assessment of the 12 studies are presented in Table 6.

Table 6 Bias assessment – included studies (n = 12)
Full size table

Discussion

This review synthesised evidence about the quality of transitional care for older people transitioning from hospital to home in order to produce recommendations for research and practice.

Transitional care interventions examined in the 12 studies were conducted by a range of health and social care professionals, and by older people including advanced practice nurses [68, 72, 74, 75, 77], general practitioners and practice nurses [66, 67, 73], the older person and their carer with support from a transition coach [69], case managers [76] and geriatricians [70, 71]. This indicates that transitional care can be undertaken by a range of health professonal disciplines and importantly, by older people and carers themselves with appropriate support.

Numerous outcomes were assessed [66–77] with mixed findings. Results from the included studies indicate that, except for general practitioner and practice nurse interventions, transitional care delayed and prevented early re-hospitalization. Outcome data in relation to length of stay, costs and quality of life were inconclusive. Notably, a recent Cochrane systematic review by Shepperd et al. [12] found transitional care resulted in cost shifting from the acute to community sector rather than a reduction in costs for the health system as a whole.

Findings indicate that general practitioner and practice nurse interventions were not effective in reducing re-hospitalization rates [67, 73] or length of stay [66, 73]. The study by Weinberger et al. [67] found higher rates of re-hospitalization following their intervention and if re-admitted, the veterans in their study had longer stays in hospital. The veterans who participated in this study also reported low quality of life and may have been in particularly poor health at discharge. It is possible that the transitional care intervention resulted in earlier identification of ill health among these participants with subsequent re-hospitalization [67]. No other included studies targeted veterans and findings from this study may be limited in generalizability to older US veterans. Findings of McInnes et al. [73] and Preen et al. [66] were difficult to interpret because in both studies the intervention was not fully implemented. Only 42% of general practitioners contributed to the discharge plan in the study by Preen et al. [66] and only 52% of patients had general practitioner input into their discharge plan in the study by McInnes et al. [73]. The low rates of participation by general practitioners in both studies highlights the challenges associated with additional work responsibilities in transitional care for primary care providers and suggest that in these two studies the intervention was not feasible for general practitioners. Additionally, the sample size was insufficient to detect an intervention effect in the study by Preen et al. [66].

Effectiveness in terms of symptom management was not specifically studied as an outcome/s in the included studies. This is of concern given findings from two Australian descriptive studies [78, 79] where people reported symptom exacerbation at discharge and an absence of assistance with symptom management and functioning in relation to pain, fatigue, loss of mobility, and grief during care transitions from hospital to home.

Results [66–77] also highlighted the potential for transitional care to result in improved satisfaction for older people however caregiver satisfaction has not been measured. There is also limited understanding of the burden to caregivers.

Timeliness, equity and access are described as part of the intervention in each included study [66–77]. However, consistent with the findings from other research [10, 27] outcomes assessing timeliness, equity and access have not been clearly reported in this research.

Research included in this systematic review [66–77] suggests that measures of re-hospitalization rates or length of stay have been consistently studied in the general transitional care experimental research since 1990, indicating an outcome focus on select quality elements related to effectiveness, safety and efficiency for inpatient services. Other indicators of quality in transitional care, as recommended by the Institute of Medicine [4], Department of Health [8], and Australian Commission on Quality and Safety in Healthcare [6], have not been a consistent outcome focus, suggesting gaps in understanding about timeliness, equity, family/carer centred care and symptom management for older people [10, 27].

Person and family centred care is described as a part of interventions in the included studies [66–77]. Reporting of outcome measures of person centred care has been focussed on patient satisfaction. Six of the twelve identified studies assessed patient satisfaction following the transitional care intervention [66, 67, 73–75, 77]. Only two studies included carer burden [68, 76]. There was little evidence about the 'experience’ of older people and their family/carers although qualitative studies [2, 78, 80, 81] have described problems and unmet needs from older peoples’ perspectives and experiences associated with ineffective transitional care. No studies specifically assessed emotional support for older people and their families/carers.

Although self-management and education were described as components of interventions in the included studies in particular in the intervention by Coleman and associates [64, 69], outcome evidence about self-care and self-management related to older people and their carers’ use of the health care system was limited.

These results are of particular interest because older people and their families/carers are increasingly expected to self-care at home following early discharge and they are expected to navigate complex health care systems [3, 13, 23]. Although Coleman and colleagues [64, 69] conducted focus groups to ascertain what older people wanted in transitional care, no other study contained reports about the involvement of older people and their carers/family in the design of the transitional care intervention that they tested.

In other literature, Naylor [82] and Bauer et al. [10] found that many older people and their family/carers reported unmet discharge needs about information and access to services in the community, and they were not involved in discharge related decisions. Additionally, Bauer et al. [10] found that family carers reported frustration with discharge planning processes, lack of information and poor communication with health practitioners.

Bias assessment

Findings were mixed in relation to potential sources of bias across the 12 studies. Over 40% of articles did not provide adequate information to accurately assess the risk of bias, suggesting a need for improved reporting about how methods were implemented and about how attrition of participants was managed. Overall, there was low risk of selection bias, however some studies provided insufficient information to assess this risk in relation to the randomisation process [66–68], or how allocation concealment was undertaken [66, 68–70]. No studies were identified to have low risk in regard to performance bias therefore there is potential risk of bias in this regard [38]. Notably, blinding of personnel to group allocation would not be possible for complex health and social care interventions such as transitional care as practitioners conducting the intervention would be aware that they were doing so. No studies reported on the blinding of participants, therefore the risk of performance bias in relation to participants is not known. Of the 12 studies, five provided insufficient information to assess the risk of detection bias [66, 68, 70–72]. The reporting of missing data and how these data were managed was mixed across the 12 studies, indicating unclear risk and potential for attrition bias. There was a low risk of reporting bias across the 12 studies with only one study providing insufficient information to make an assessment [68]. The potential for other sources of bias was assessed as low risk in three studies [69, 74, 75] and unclear across the remaining nine studies.

Limitations of the current evidence base

In all studies, the transitional care intervention was compared with standard hospital discharge. However, standard hospital discharge was not clearly described and it was therefore not known what the comparison control conditions entailed. All studies included description of interventions in terms of particular quality indicators such as person and family centred care and timeliness, however with exception to patient satisfaction surveys conducted in half of the studies, there was limited reporting of outcome assessment of these quality indicators.

Limitations of the review

Older people included in the review comprised those aged over 60 years. This potentially includes a wide range in age and a group of people with different health needs. The average ages of people in the studies were specified to provide more focused information. Additionally, the review did not capture grey literature, publically available literature not published in peer review journals; therefore all relevant research may not have been included. Only English language publications were included, therefore the review synthesises the best available evidence published in English only.

Conclusion

Despite these limitations, findings from this review suggest that there are gaps in the evidence base regarding the quality of transitional care interventions for older people and their families/carers where quality is assessed in terms of effective, efficient, safe and low risk, timely, equitable and person and family centred care. There is a need for improved understanding and evidence about the quality of transitional care for older people and their carers in particular domains of person and family centred care; the patient and carer experience, carer burden and support, and emotional support for older people and their carers during care transitions. This is of particular concern as older people and their families/carers are discharged early and expected to self-care and navigate complex and fragmented systems of care independently. There is a need for improved understanding about outcomes in relation to equity and timeliness in care transitions for older people and their carers. The results from this review highlight that self-management and health outcomes including those assessing symptom management require stronger focus in this literature.

In view of the changing health care context and de-hospitalisation of health and aged care, and because care transitions are increasingly complex, the results also suggest there is a need for research that involves the person and their family/caregiver in the design of high quality transition care interventions in order to meet the needs of older people and their families/carers. The shift in responsibility for health and aged care from acute inpatient settings to the community sector and to family and carers means that older people and their families should be involved in planning and decisions about their care and identifying what would be of most assistance to them.

References

  1. Anderson G: Chronic Care: Making the case for ongoing care. NJ USA; 2010 (http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/reports/2010/rwjf54583)

  2. Naylor M, Hirschman K, O’Connor M, Barg R, Pauly M: Engaging older adults in their transitional care: what more needs to be done?. J Comp Eff Res. 2013, 2 (5): 457-468.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ham C, Imison C, Goodwin N, Dixon A, South P: Where next for the NHS reforms? The case for integrated care. 2011, London: The King's Fund

    Google Scholar 

  4. Institute of Medicine: Crossing the quality quasm: A new health system for the 21st century. 2001, Washington: Institute of Medicine

    Google Scholar 

  5. National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission: A Healthier Future for all Australians - Final Report of the National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission. 2009, Canberra, ACT: Commonwealth of Australia

    Google Scholar 

  6. Australian Commission on Quality and Safety in Healthcare: National safety and quality health service standards. 2011, Sydney: ACQSH

    Google Scholar 

  7. Beattie M, Shepherd A, Howieson B: Do the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM’s) dimensions of quality capture the current meaning of quality in health care? – An integrative review. J Res Nurs. 2013, 18 (4): 288-304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Department of Health: Quality governence in the NHS-A guide for provider boards. 2011, London: Department of Health

    Google Scholar 

  9. Allen J, Ottmann G, Roberts G: Multi-professional communication for older people in transitional care: a review of the literature. Int J Older People Nurs. 2013, 8 (4): 253-269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bauer M, Fitzgerald L, Haesler E, Manfrin M: Hospital discharge planning for frail older people and their family. Are we delivering best practice? A review of the evidence. J Clin Nurs. 2009, 18 (18): 2539-2546.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Laugaland K, Aase K, Barach P: Interventions to improve patient safety in transitional care - a review of the evidence. Work. 2012, 41 (S1): 2915-2924.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Shepperd S, Lannin NA, Clemson LM, McCluskey A, Cameron ID, Barras SL: Discharge planning from hospital to home. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013, London, http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD000313/discharge-planning-from-hospital-to-home.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Productivity Commission: Caring for Older Australians (Vol. 1). Canberra, Australia: Productivity Commission, 201.

  14. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: Older Australia at a glance: 4th edition. 2007, Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

    Google Scholar 

  15. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: Australia's Health 2012. 2012, Canberra, Australia: Australian Insitute of Health and Welfare

    Google Scholar 

  16. Uhlenberg P: Demography is not destiny: The challenges and opportunities of global population aging. Generations. 2013, 37 (1): 12-18.

    Google Scholar 

  17. National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling: Who’s Going to Care? Informal Care and an Ageing Population. 2004, Canberra, Australia: National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling

    Google Scholar 

  18. Runge C, Gilham J, Peut A: Transitions in Care of People with Dementia: A Systematic Review of the Literature. 2009, Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales

    Google Scholar 

  19. Johnstone M, Kanitsaki O: Ethnic aged discrimination and disparities in health and social care: a question of social justice. Australas J Ageing. 2008, 27 (3): 110-115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Coleman EA, Boult C: Improving the quality of transitional care for persons with complex care needs. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003, 51 (4): 556-557.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Holland DE, Harris MR: Discharge planning, transitional care, coordination of care, and continuity of care: clarifying concepts and terms from the hospital perspective. Home Health Care Serv Q. 2007, 26 (4): 3-19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Naylor MD: Transitional care: a critical dimension of the home healthcare quality agenda. J Healthc Qual. 2006, 28 (1): 48-54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Naylor M, Keating SA: Transitional care. J Soc Work Educ. 2008, 44 (Supplement): 65-73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Naylor MD, Aiken LH, Kurtzman ET, Olds DM, Hirschman KB: The Importance Of Transitional Care In Achieving Health Reform. Health Aff. 2011, 30 (4): 746-754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Reed J, Cook G, Childs S, McCormack B: A literature review to explore integrated care for older people. Int J Integrated Care. 2005, 5 (January): 1-10.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Harrison PL, Hara PA, Pope JE, Young MC, Rula EY: The impact of postdischarge telephonic follow-up on hospital readmissions. Popul Health Manag. 2011, 14 (1): 27-32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Mansah M, Griffith R, Fernandez R, Chang E: Effectiveness of strategies to promote safe transition of elderly people across care settings (systematic review). The Joanna Briggs Institute Systematic Reviews. 2000, Adelaide, Australia, http://www.joannabriggs.edu.au/pubs/systematic_reviews.php.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Coleman EA: Falling through the cracks: challenges and opportunities for improving transitional care for persons with continuous complex care needs. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003, 51 (4): 549-555.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Naylor MD, Kurtzman ET, Grabowski DC, Harrington C, McClellan M, Reinhard SC: Unintended consequences of steps to cut readmissions and reform payment may threaten care of vulnerable older adults. Health Aff. 2012, 31 (7): 1623-1632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Parker S, Lee S, Fadayevatan R: Co-ordinating discharge of elderly people from hospital to the community. Evid base Healthc Publ Health. 2004, 8 (6): 332-334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hyde C, Robert I, Sinclair A: The effects of supporting discharge from hospital to home in older people. Age Ageing. 2000, 29 (3): 271-279.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Jackson M: Discharge planning: issues and challenges for gerontological nursing. A critique of the literature. J Adv Nurs. 1994, 19 (3): 492-502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Mistaien P, Francke A, Poot E: Interventions aimed at reducing problems in adult patients discharged from hospital to home: systematic meta-review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2007, 7: 47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Sunil K, Frank LF, Christopher P, Mark W, Preetha B, David B: Deficits in communication and information transfer between hospital-based and primary care physicians: implications for patient safety and continuity of care. JAMA. 2007, 297 (8): 831-841.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Coffey A: Discharging older people from hospital to home: what do we know?. Int J Older People Nurs. 2006, 1 (3): 141-150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Closs S: Discharge communications between hospital and community health care staff: a selective review. Health Soc Care Community. 1997, 5 (3): 181-197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Payne S, Kerr C, Hawker S, Hardey M, Powell J: The communication of information about older people between health and social care practitioners. Age Ageing. 2002, 31 (2): 107-117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Higgins J, Green S: Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. The Cochrane Collaboration. 2011, London, http://handbook.cochrane.org.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Cioffi J, Wilkes L, Warne B, Harrison K, Vonu-Boriceanu O: Community nursing care for clients with chronic and complex conditions. Collegian. 2007, 14 (4): 21-25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Kemp L, Harris E, Comino E: Changes in community nursing in Australia: 1995–2000. J Adv Nurs. 2005, 49 (3): 307-314.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. World Health Organisation: Definition of an older or elderly person. 2013, Geneva: World Health Organisation, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/index.html.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Thomson Reuters: Endnote version 16. 2013, USA, http://endnote.com.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Arbaje AI, Maron DD, Yu Q, Wendel VI, Tanner E, Boult C, Eubank KJ, Durso SC: The Geriatric Floating Interdisciplinary Transition Team. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010, 58 (2): 364-370.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bull MJ, Hansen HE, Gross CR: A professional-patient partnership model of discharge planning with elders hospitalized with heart failure. Appl Nurs Res. 2000, 13 (1): 19-28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Balaban R, Weissman J, Samuel P, Woolhandler S: Redefining and redesigning hospital discharge to enhance patient care: a randomized controlled study. J Gen Intern Med. 2008, 23 (8): 1228-1233.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Bonnet-Zamponi D, D’Arailh L, Konrat C, Delpierre C, Lieberherr D, Lemaire A, Tubach F, Lacaille S, Legrain S: Drug-related readmissions to medical units of older adults discharged from acute geriatric units: Results of the Optimization of Medication in AGEd Multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013, 61 (1): 113-121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Brand CA, Jones CT, Lowe AJ, Nielsen DA, Roberts CA, King BL, Campbell DA: A transitional care service for elderly chronic disease patients at risk of readmission. Aust Health Rev. 2004, 28 (3): 275-284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Coleman EA, Smith JD, Frank JC, Min S, Parry C, Kramer AM: Preparing patients and caregivers to participate in care delivered across settings: the care transitions intervention. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004, 52 (11): 1817-1825.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Dedhia P, Kravet S, Bulger J, Hinson T, Sridharan A, Kolodner K, Wright S, Howell E: A quality improvement intervention to facilitate the transition of older adults from three hospitals back to their homes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009, 57 (9): 1540-1546.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Einstadter D, Cebul R, Franta P: Effect of a nurse case manager on post discharge follow-up. J Gen Intern Med. 1996, 11 (11): 684-688.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Golden AG, Tewary S, Dang S, Roos BA: Care management's challenges and opportunities to reduce the rapid rehospitalization of frail community-dwelling older adults. Gerontologist. 2010, 50 (4): 451-458.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Haggmark C, Nilsson B: Effects of an intervention programme for improved discharge-planning. Nordic Journal of Nursing Research & Clinical Studies / Vård i Norden. 1997, 17 (2): 4-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Hansen FR, Spedtsberg K, Schroll M: Geriatric follow-up by home visits after discharge from hospital: a randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing. 1992, 21 (6): 445-450.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Hébert R, Dubois M, Raiche M, Dubuc N: The effectiveness of the PRISMA integrated service delivery network: preliminary report on methods and baseline data. Int J Integr Care. 2008, 8 (Jan-Mar): 1-16.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Hébert R, Veil A, Raiche M, Dubois M, Dubuc N, Tousignant M: Evaluation of the implementation of PRISMA, a coordination-type integrated service delivery system for frail older people in Québec. Journal of Integrated Care. 2008, 16 (6): 4-14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Hegney D, McCarthy A, de la Rue MB, Fahey P, Gorman D, Martin-McDonald K, Pretty G, Sundin-Huard D: Discharge planning from the acute sector for people over the age of 65. Collegian. 2002, 9 (3): 15-21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Jack BW, Chetty VK, Anthony D, Greenwald JL, Sanchez GM, Johnson AE, Forsythe SR, O’Donnell AK, Paasche-Orlow MK, Manasseh C, Martin S, Culpepper L: A reengineered hospital discharge program to decrease rehospitalization: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009, 150 (3): 178-187.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Jeangsawang N, Malathum P, Panpakdee O, Brooten D, Nityasuddhi D: Comparison of outcomes of discharge planning and post-discharge follow-up care, provided by advanced practice, expert-by-experience, and novice nurses, to hospitalized elders with chronic healthcare conditions. Int J Res Nurs. 2012, 16 (4): 343-360.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Lattimer C: Practices to improve transitions of care: a national perspective. N C Med J. 2012, 73 (1): 45-47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Melton LD, Foreman C, Scott E, McGinnis M, Cousins M: Prioritized post-discharge telephonic outreach reduces hospital readmissions for select high-risk patients. Am J Manag Care. 2012, 18 (12): 838-846.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. O'Reilly J, Lowson K, Green J, Young JB, Forster A: Post-acute care for older people in community hospitals–a cost-effectiveness analysis within a multi-centre randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing. 2008, 37 (5): 513-520.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Ornstein K, Smith KL, Foer DH, Lopez-Cantor MT, Soriano T: To the hospital and back home again: A nurse practitioner-based transitional care program for hospitalized homebound people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011, 59 (3): 544-551.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Parker S, Oliver P, Pennington M, Bond J, Jagger C, Enderby P, Curless R, Chater T, Vanoli A, Fryer K, Cooper C, Julious S, Donaldson C, Dyer C, Wynn T, John A, Ross D: Rehabilitation of older patients: day hospital compared with rehabilitation at home. A randomised controlled trial. Health Tech Assess. 2009, 13 (39): 1-168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Parry C, Mahoney E, Chalmers SA, Coleman EA: Assessing the quality of transitional care: further applications of the care transitions measure. Med Care. 2008, 46 (3): 317-322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Steeman E, Moons P, Milisen K, De Bal N, De Geest S, De Froidmont C, Tellier V, Gosset C, Abraham I: Implementation of discharge management for geriatric patients at risk of readmission or institutionalization. Int J Qual Health Care. 2006, 18 (5): 352-358.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Preen DB, Bailey BES, Wright A, Kendall P, Phillips M, Hung J, Hendriks R, Mather A, Williams E: Effects of a multidisciplinary, post-discharge continuance of care intervention on quality of life, discharge satisfaction, and hospital length of stay: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Qual Health Care. 2005, 17 (1): 43-51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Weinberger M, Oddone EZ, Henderson WG: Does increased access to primary care reduce hospital readmissions?. New Engl J Med. 1996, 334 (22): 1441-1447.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Naylor M, Brooten D, Jones R, Lavizzo-Mourey R, Mezey M, Pauly M: Comprehensive discharge planning for the hospitalized elderly. A randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 1994, 120 (12): 999-1006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Coleman EA, Parry C, Chalmers S, Min SJ: The care transitions intervention: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2006, 166 (17): 1822-1828.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Hansen FR, Poulsen H, Sørensen KH: A model of regular geriatric follow-up by home visits to selected patients discharged from a geriatric ward: a randomized controlled trial. Aging. 1995, 7 (3): 202-206.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Legrain S, Tubach F, Bonnet-Zamponi D, Lemaire A, Aquino J-P, Paillaud E, Taillandier-Heriche E, Thomas C, Verny M, Pasquet B, Moutet Aline L, Lieberherr D, Lacaille S: A new multimodal geriatric discharge-planning intervention to prevent emergency visits and rehospitalizations of older adults: The Optimization of Medication in AGEd multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011, 59 (11): 2017-2028.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Naylor MD: Comprehensive discharge planning for hospitalized elderly: a pilot study. Nurs Res. 1990, 39 (3): 156-161.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. McInnes E, Mira M, Atkin N, Kennedy P, Cullen J: Can GP input into discharge planning result in better outcomes for the frail aged: results from a randomized controlled trial. Fam Pract. 1999, 16 (3): 289-293.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Enguidanos S, Gibbs N, Jamison P: From hospital to home: a brief nurse practitioner intervention for vulnerable older adults. Journal Of Gerontological Nursing. 2012, 38 (3): 40-50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Naylor MD, Brooten DA, Campbell RL, Maislin G, McCauley KM, Schwartz JS: Transitional care of older adults hospitalized with heart failure: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004, 52 (5): 675-684.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Lim W, Lambert S, Gray L: Effectiveness of case management and post-acute services in older people after discharge. Med J Aust. 2003, 178 (6): 262-266.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Naylor MD, Brooten D, Campbell R, Jacobsen BS, Mezey MD, Pauly MV, Schwartz JS: Comprehensive discharge planning and home follow-up of hospitalized elders. JAMA. 1999, 281 (7): 613-620.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Grimmer K, Moss J, Falco J: Experiences of elderly patients regarding independent community living after discharge from hospital: a longitudinal study. International J Qual Health Care. 2004, 16 (6): 465-472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Pearson P, Procter S, Wilcockson J, Allgar V: The process of hospital discharge for medical patients: a model. J Adv Nurs. 2004, 46 (5): 496-505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Graham CL, Ivey SL, Neuhauser L: From hospital to home: assessing the transitional care needs of vulnerable seniors. Gerontologist. 2009, 49 (1): 23-33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Rydeman I, Törnkvist L: Getting prepared for life at home in the discharge process—From the perspective of the older persons and their relatives. Int J Older People Nurs. 2010, 5 (4): 254-264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Naylor MD: Transitional care of older adults. Annu Rev Nurs Res. 2002, 20 (1): 127-147.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pre-publication history

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Deakin University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, 3125, Vic, Australia

    Jacqueline Allen & Rhonda Brown

  2. Deakin University, School of Nursing and Midwifery; Centre for Nursing Research – Deakin University and Monash Health Partnership, Monash Health, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, 3125, Vic, Australia

    Alison M Hutchinson

  3. Faculty of Health & School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, 3125, Vic, Australia

    Patricia M Livingston

Authors
  1. Jacqueline Allen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alison M Hutchinson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rhonda Brown
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Patricia M Livingston
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jacqueline Allen.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

JA conceptualised and designed the review, collected, screened and coded all studies (data), completed data analysis and interpretation, and drafted the manuscript. PML, AMH, and RB contributed to the conceptualisation and design of the review, participated in the screening process, assessed studies for risk of bias and critically reviewed and revised the manuscript for intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Electronic supplementary material

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.

Authors’ original file for figure 1

Rights and permissions

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Allen, J., Hutchinson, A.M., Brown, R. et al. Quality care outcomes following transitional care interventions for older people from hospital to home: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res 14, 346 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-346

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-346

Keywords

BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

Contact us