Table 6 Bias assessment – included studies (n = 12)
| Â | Risk of bias | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Selection bias1 | Performance bias2 | Detection bias3 | Attrition bias4 | Reporting bias5 | Other bias6 | |
First author (year) | Random sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of participants and personnel | Blinding of outcome assessment | Incomplete outcome data | Selective reporting | Other sources of bias |
Coleman (2006) [69] | Low risk | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Enguidanos (2012) [74] | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | High risk (self-efficacy, service satisfaction) Low risk (service utilisation) | Low risk | Low risk |
Hansen (1995) [70] | Low risk | Unclear risk | High risk (personnel) Unclear risk (participants) | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Unclear risk |
Legrain (2011) [71] | Low risk | Low risk | High risk (personnel) Unclear risk (participants) | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Unclear risk |
Lim (2003) [76] | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Unclear risk |
McInnes (1999) [73] | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear risk | Low risk (service utilisation data) Unclear risk (questionnaire data) | Unclear risk | Low risk | Unclear risk |
Naylor (1990) [72] | Low risk | Low risk | High risk (personnel) Unclear risk (participants) | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Unclear risk |
Naylor (1994) [68] | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Unclear risk |
Naylor (1999) [77] | Low risk | Low risk | High risk (personnel) Unclear risk (participants) | Low risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Unclear risk |
Naylor (2004) [75] | Low risk | Low risk | High risk (personnel) Unclear risk (participants) | Low risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Preen (2005) [66] | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Unclear risk |
Weinberger (1996) [67] | Unclear risk | Low risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Unclear risk |