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Mid-level healthcare workers knowledge on non-communicable diseases in Tanzania: a district-level pre-and post-training assessment
BMC Health Services Research volume 24, Article number: 612 (2024)
Abstract
Introduction
Over the past two decades, Tanzania’s burden of non-communicable diseases has grown disproportionately, but limited resources are still prioritized. A trained human resource for health is urgently needed to combat these diseases. However, continuous medical education for NCDs is scarce. This paper reports on the mid-level healthcare workers knowledge on NCDs. We assessed the knowledge to measure the effectiveness of the training conducted during the initiation of a Package for Essential Management of Severe NCDs (PEN Plus) in rural district hospitals in Tanzania.
Methods
The training was given to 48 healthcare employees from Dodoma Region’s Kondoa Town Council District Hospital. For a total of five (5) days, a fundamental course on NCDs featured in-depth interactive lectures and practical workshops. Physicians from Tanzania’s higher education institutions, tertiary university hospitals, research institutes, and medical organizations served as trainers. Before and after the training, a knowledge assessment comprising 28 questions was administered. Descriptive data analysis to describe the characteristics of the specific knowledge on physiology, diagnosis and therapy of diabetes mellitus, rheumatic fever, heart disease, and sickle cell disease was done using Stata version 17 (STATA Corp Inc., TX, USA).
Results
Complete assessment data for 42 out of the 48 participants was available. Six participants did not complete the training and the assessment. The mean age of participants was 36.9 years, and slightly above half (52%) were above 35 years. Two-thirds (61.9%) were female, and about half (45%) were nurses. The majority had the experience of working for more than 5 years, and the average was 9.4 years (+/- 8.4 years). Overall, the trainees’ average scores improved after the training (12.79 vs. 16.05, p < 0.0001) out of 28 possible scores. Specifically, trainees’ average scores were better in treatment than in diagnosis, except for sickle cell disease (1.26 vs. 1.83). Most were not able to diagnose rheumatic heart disease (47.6% able) compared to diabetes mellitus (54.8% able) or sickle cell disease (64.3% able) at baseline. The proportion of trainees with adequate knowledge of the treatment of sickle cell disease and diabetes mellitus was 35% and 38.1%, respectively, and there was a non-statistical difference after training. Those working for less than 5 years had a higher proportion of adequate knowledge (30.8%) compared to their more experienced colleagues (6.9%). After the training, participants’ knowledge of NCDs increased by three times (i.e., aPR 3, 95% CI = 1.1, 1.5, and 6.0).
Conclusion and recommendations
PEN Plus training improved the knowledge of healthcare workers at Kondoa Town Council District Hospital. Training is especially needed among nurses and those with a longer duration of work. Continuing education for human resources for health on the management of NCDs is highly recommended in this setting.
Introduction
The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is increasing globally [1]. By 2014, NCDs accounted for more than two-thirds of total global deaths and 40% of deaths in individuals younger than 70 years [2]. The majority (82%) of the premature deaths were from low- and middle‐income countries [1, 2]. According to the WHO, NCDs accounted for 33% of all deaths in Tanzania and they are projected to surpass the burden of deaths by infectious diseases in a few years to come [3]. Recent data shows that the burden of NCDs in Tanzania as expressed by Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) is 41%, which means it has more than doubled compared to WHOs estimates of 19% in 1990 [4]. While the burden of NCDs has increased tremendously, a large share of healthcare resources i.e., 62% are still allocated to infectious diseases compared to NCDs (11%) [5]. This prompted the Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) to increase efforts and investment in NCD research as one of its key strategic areas in its institutional strategic plan 2019–2024 and National Health Research Agenda (NHRA-2018-2023) [6].
Tanzania has a population of 61.7 million people [7], with a decentralized health system that is organized in a pyramidal structure in tandem with the administrative system. Primary health facilities that include dispensaries, health centers, and district hospitals are the base—the latter function as the referrals for the health centers and dispensaries. Above the district hospitals, there are regional, zonal, specialized, and national referral hospitals. There are approximately 10,200 health facilities in Tanzania, and around 95% are primary health facilities mostly the health centers and dispensaries [8]. The Ministry of Health has the role of formulating policies, treatment guidelines, quality assurance, and resource mobilization while the President’s Office-Regional Administration and Local Government Authorities translate and implement policies from the district level downwards [9].
Global NCDs challenge and the available healthcare services
Diabetes is one of the conditions that is increasing very fast globally, with the Sub-Saharan Africa being disproportionately affected [10]. The rate of diabetes in Africa reached 80% of the global rate which was 537 million people affected by diabetes in 2021 with the expectance to rise to783 million by 2045 [10]. However, these rates have been coupled with undiagnosed diabetes. In Tanzania, the rates of diabetes reached 12.3 in 2021 which is expected to rise more in the coming years[10]. Unfortunately, most of these data are in adults and more so in type 2 diabetes [10]. Less is known about Type 1 diabetes in sub–Saharan Africa, not to mention the children and youth. The IDF estimates up to 1.2 million children and adolescents have Type 1 diabetes, however, most of these die undiagnosed hence an unknown number of cases [10]. Of the data available in Tanzania, the incidence of type 1 diabetes is at 1.8–1.9/100,000 population [10]. This is a very low rate compared to 52.2 /100,000 population in Scandinavian countries [10, 11]. Some of the reasons for this low incidence rate are Low Knowledge in both the community and health care providers, high mortality due to misdiagnosis by health care providers, low public awareness, and myths about diabetes in children together with mismanagement due to lack of knowledge [12, 13].
While hypertension has for a long time been the focus of NCD programs in Tanzania, Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) is the third most common cause of heart failure (12%) after hypertensive heart disease (45%) and dilated cardiomyopathy (28%) [14]. : In the current practices in Tanzania, most of the NCDs, like RHD, are clinically diagnosed at primary health care facilities, including district-level facilities. Thereafter, all clinically diagnosed cases are given referral to the regional and/or zonal (tertiary level) facilities for further investigation (confirmation) and treatment. Contrary to PEN Plus, the project has provided laboratory equipment and supplies to ensure that all diagnosis and treatment are completed at district-level facilities to mitigate disease complications and individual costs, and only the already complicated cases would be given referrals for specialised care. For instance, patients with RHD seek medical attention when already in the late stages of their illness, hence presenting with complications (heart failure, infective endocarditis, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, stroke, etc.). In 2010, 48% of patients who underwent open heart surgery at the Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute (the national cardiac hospital) were due to RHD and the majority of these patients were young (mean age 19.4 ± 12.3 years) [15]. The management of these patients at late stages is associated with high-cost implications at the family level as well as in the health system leading to poor treatment outcomes including disability and death. The overall mortality rate among all patients undergoing cardiac surgery at JKCI was 13.3% of which 64.3% were in patients who underwent mitral valve repair [15].
In 2010, WHO introduced the Package of Essential NCD Interventions (WHO PEN) to support the integration of case management for common NCDs such as cardiovascular heart diseases, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases at primary health facilities in resource-limited settings [16]. By 2020, more than 30 countries including Tanzania had introduced the PEN program in their healthcare system. However, there were gaps in the management of severe NCDs particularly at primary healthcare facilities. In 2019, WHO AFRO introduced the PEN-Plus, which was an extension of the PEN strategy to address severe NCDs through integrated outpatient clinics at first-level referral health facilities [17]. On 23rd August 2022, the 47 WHO-AFRO member states adopted the PEN Plus strategy [17]. The objectives of the PEN Plus strategy are (1) to strengthen the availability of, and access to quality services for severe NCDs (2) To improve the capacity of the healthcare workers to provide integrated care for severe NCDs; (3) To improve the availability of essential medicines and equipment for the management of severe NCDs and (4). To support monitoring and evaluation and research on PEN-Plus interventions [17].
The available NCD services in Tanzania do not match the current burden and are not uniformly well-prepared for the projected increase; there is high variability between rural and urban areas as far as availability, access, and presence of trained personnel. Health care personnel’s training in new topics and skills ensures high-quality health education and services, significantly influencing the success of health programs and services, as demonstrated by published data [23, 28]. A study conducted in Ethiopia, found that mid-level healthcare workers, whether employed in field or hospital settings, lacked adequate skills, underscoring the need for more on job training [29].
Significant improvements have been made in diabetes care, however, through the National Diabetes Programme where specific interventions were implemented contributing to the establishment of diabetes / NCD services at all National, Zonal, Regional & District Hospitals. Late presentation and ensuing complications for NCDs pose an urgent need for early diagnosis and treatment through the creation of community awareness, enabling healthcare workers, and improving detection capacity at lower-level health facilities.
In collaboration with healthcare facilities in the country as well as the Ministry of Health, the National Institute for Medical Research is leading the efforts to generate evidence to support roll out of PEN PLUS model of care for severe NCDs at first-level (district) hospitals and support the provision of PEN services for other NCDs in the primary care facilities. This demonstration project will be embedded within the existing health system and infrastructure so that it can be sustained over time. We expect to generate robust data on the organization of care at first-level hospitals for underrepresented groups in cardiovascular care (RHD), type 1 diabetes, and sickle cell disease of which the goal is for improvement of care and potential national scale-up of the interventions.
Therefore, this study reports on the mid-level healthcare workers knowledge on NCDs. We assessed the knowledge to measure the effectiveness of the training conducted during the initiation of a Package for Essential Management of Severe NCDs (PEN Plus) in rural district hospitals in Tanzania.
Methods
Study design and setting
In March 2023, HCWs from Kondoa Town Council District Hospital participated in a pre-post (before and after) training assessment. Kondoa Town Council District Hospital is a primary health care facility in rural Dodoma located centrally, in Tanzania. The hospital serves an estimated population of 226,154 through its outpatient and inpatient services. The hospital has a capacity of 200 beds and averages 50–70 occupancy each day. This study site was purposely selected as researchers are in the process of implementing PEN Plus and have already established a relationship with the local government, hospital administration, and HCWs.
Study population and sample size
The study comprised all PEN-Plus-trained healthcare staff from Kondoa Town Council District Hospital. The hospital administration picked these healthcare workers based on their needs to meet the facility’s goal of improving NCD care. A total of 48 healthcare employees from various cadres were asked to attend a one-week training on PEN Plus, including medical doctors, assistant medical doctors, clinical officers, and pharmacy technicians. However, 42 out of 48 completed the training and had both pre-post data thus resulting in a response rate of 87.5%.
Data collection process and tools
HCWs’ clinical knowledge of the three NCDs: diabetes, sickle cell disease, rheumatic fever, and heart disease (cardiovascular illness) was assessed using structured self-administered questionnaires in the form of a pre-post-test exam. The baseline assessment of knowledge on NCD questions were adapted from Malawi PEN Plus training materials. The tool comprised 28 multiple-choice questions, ten [10] of which assessed knowledge of diabetes, eight [8] of which assessed knowledge of rheumatic fever and heart disease (cardiovascular illness), and ten [10] of which assessed knowledge of sickle cell disease. The questions were mostly focused on the diagnosis and treatment of the three selected NCDs; they were designed and given in English (Appendix).
Study variables
The study had one main outcome variable, which is the targeted PEN Plus NCDs knowledge scores. For all conditions; diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and sickle cell diseases, we used Bloom’s cut-off point scores to categorize participants as having good or poor knowledge [30] as summarised in Table 1 below. For instance, the max scores for overall NCDs were 28, and HCW was considered to have adequate knowledge if scored 16 or above. Independent variables were socio-demographic factors including age, gender, professional affiliation, and working experience that were considered to affect knowledge.
Data collection, management, and analysis
The pre and post-test questionnaires were filled on Open Data Kit (ODK) software which was programmed and installed in the tablets. Before downloading the data from the cloud server, all tablets were checked to ensure that all completed questionnaires had been uploaded to the server. The complete dataset was downloaded in a .csv (Comma Separated Value) format. Data downloaded from the server were then exported from Excel to Stata version 17 (STATA Corp Inc., TX, USA) for cleaning and analysis. Data analysis started with running descriptive statistics to describe the characteristics of the data set. This included running the univariate analysis on frequency and percentage response distributions and measures of central tendency and dispersion. Later, we conducted inferential analysis using appropriate methods (e.g., Chi-squares and Modified Poison logistic regression). Modified Poison Logistic Regression Models was opted since the proportion of HCWs with adequate knowledge was greater than 10%, hence this model is expected to fit well the outcome and explanatory variables as opposed to the classical logistic regression model. Classical Logistic Regression overestimates odd ratios when the outcome of interest is ≥ 10% [18, 19]. Bivariate analysis assessed the difference in the proportions of target indicators using a Chi-square test for categorical variables. We reported both the Unadjusted Prevalence Ratio (uPR) and the Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (aPR). Association between dependent and independent variables was considered significant if p-value < 0.05.
Results
Demographic profile
The mean age of the participants was 36.9 years. However, more than half (52.4%) were above 35 years. About 62% of the participants were female and 45% and 24% were nurses and medical doctors, respectively. Their working experience averaged 9.4 years but more than two-thirds i.e., 69% had experience working for more than 5 years (Table 2).
NCD knowledge
The proportion of healthcare workers who answered correctly on diabetes mellitus, rheumatic heart diseases, and sickle cell disease-specific questions on basic physiology, diagnosis, and treatment during pre and post-tests are presented in Tables 3, 4 and 5. The results show that trainees’ average scores were significantly better in the post-test phase than the pre-test phase except for sickle cell disease on treatment (1.26 vs. 0.19, p = 0.009). Most were not able to diagnose rheumatic heart disease (47.6% able) compared to diabetes mellitus (54.8% able) or sickle cell disease (64.3% able) at baseline. The proportion of trainees with adequate knowledge of the treatment of sickle cell disease and diabetes mellitus was 35% and 38.1%, respectively, and there was a non-statistical difference after training (Table 6). Those working for less than 5 years had a higher proportion of adequate knowledge (30.8%) compared to the more experienced colleagues (6.9%) (Table 7). After the training, participants’ knowledge of NCDs increased by 3 times (i.e. aPR 3, 95% CI = 1.1-1.5-6.0) Table 8.
Discussion
It is well established that the burden of NCDs is growing rapidly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including in sub-Saharan Africa [1]. Despite this, the resources allocated for the prevention and management of NCDs are often insufficient, with a large share of the healthcare budget directed towards communicable diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS [20]. For example, in Tanzania, infectious diseases accounted for 63% of the total health expenditure while NCDs and injuries accounted for 10% and 2%, respectively [21]. Expenditure on NCDs as a proportion of Total Health Expenditure in Tanzania has not changed since 2015 [22]. This lack of resources is compounded by a shortage of trained healthcare workers and providing them with continuous or job training, which is a significant problem in many sub-Saharan African countries [23]. We see most communicable diseases being more funded by donors, hence there is a need for increasing internal resources for non-communicable diseases since planners have control over the internal sources as opposed to the external ones.
Children and young adults among the world’s poorest communities in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia carry around half the burden of Non-Communicable Diseases and Injuries [24]. Severe NCDs such as congenital and rheumatic heart diseases, diabetes type 1, and sickle cell disease which are most prevalent in these age groups are responsible for 150,000 preventable deaths [25]. These conditions can be addressed through improved access to cheap and cost-effective treatments that are widely available in LMICs. Unfortunately, the diagnosis and treatment of severe NCDs in these countries are restricted to tertiary health facilities that are mostly found in urban areas [17]. On the contrary, the majority of the people in LMICs reside in rural areas and often rely upon the primary healthcare facilities where diagnosis and treatment of severe NCDs are currently unavailable due to poor infrastructure and the lack of trained human resources. To address the shortage of skilled HCWs to manage severe NCDs at lower-level facilities, the PEN Plus team in Tanzania held a 5-day comprehensive training program called NCDs foundational training to facilitate the execution of the Package for essential NCDs (PEN Plus) management among the HCWs at Kondoa Town council Hospital in Tanzania’s. For five days, foundational training included in-depth interactive lectures and practical workshops. The trainers were physicians from Tanzanian training institutions, tertiary hospitals, research institutes, and the Tanzania Medical Association. Before and after the training, we performed a knowledge assessment comprising twenty-eight (28) questions about the physiology, diagnosis, and therapy of diabetes mellitus, rheumatic fever/heart disease, and sickle cell disease. The findings showed that the HCWs had low NCD knowledge, however, post-test results indicated that they are trainable, hence there is a need for investing in continuous training to equip these staff with adequate skills and knowledge to address the current surge of NCDs which is responsible for about 33% of all mortalities in the country3.
Before the training, the majority of the trainees did not have adequate knowledge about the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic heart diseases, diabetes type 1, and sickle cell. However, after 5 days of intensive training, the knowledge of the healthcare workers improved by three times. Similar findings have been documented in Malawi, whereby a 7-day training on the diagnosis, treatment, and counselling for complex NCDs led to a significant increase in the knowledge of mid-level healthcare workers [26]. The proportion of trainees with knowledge of treatment for sickle cell disease and diabetes mellitus was the least and showed a non-statistical difference after training. Those with less than 5 years of work experience had a higher proportion of adequate knowledge compared to more experienced colleagues.
The findings of this study have important implications for healthcare policy and practice in sub-Saharan Africa. There is a need for ongoing training and education on NCDs, particularly among nurses and those with longer working experience. Continuing education programs that are tailored to the needs of healthcare workers in resource-limited settings should be prioritized. These programs can help to improve the quality of care for NCDs and could reduce the burden of NCDs in sub-Saharan Africa.
Limitation
In terms of the study methodology, the use of a pre-and post-training knowledge assessment is a commonly used approach to evaluate the effectiveness of training programs [27, 28]. However, the sample size of 42 participants in just one facility may limit the generalizability of the study findings. Future studies should consider a much larger sample size of participants and the inclusion of a wide range of healthcare workers from different health facilities in the region. The attitudes and practices of HCW were not captured in this study. The absent data may have provided insightful information to readers about the gaps that now exist among healthcare providers.
Conclusion
A five-day comprehensive PEN Plus training improved the knowledge of healthcare workers to manage severe NCDs at Kondoa District Hospital in Tanzania. The training was mostly effective among healthcare workers with longer duration of work exceeding five years, medical doctors, and male gender. Therefore, continuing education of district-level healthcare workers on the management of NCDs is highly recommended in this type of setting.
Availability of data and materials
All data are freely accessible to the corresponding author with a valid data transfer agreement form from Tanzanian research regulatory bodies.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to Kondoa Town Council Hospital HCWs who participated in the pre-post training exams. Thanks to the Ministry of Health and all Tanzania regulatory bodies for allowing us to implement the PEN Plus project in the country. We also extend our appreciation to the PEN Plus global technical group for their continued support.
Funding
The Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, provided funding for this study under grant number 126365. The research content is solely the responsibility of the authors, and the sponsor had no role in the study design, data collection, and analysis.
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Study conception, and protocol writing: PK, MM ,GK, AM (9), BS, KR, PC, MM,RM, AB, EM(2), SM, RN, EM(6), DS, SU, WR, BM, ED, DM, KK. Responsible for the data collection: PK, GK, EM(1), HP, AM(16), EM(16), RW, KK. Data cleaning and conducting data analysis: PK, GK, EM(16), HP, AM(16), EM(1), RW, KK. Writing the Manuscript: PK, AM(9), GK, PC, MM, AB, EM(2), SM,RM, RN, EM(6), DS, SU, WR, BM, ED, DM, KK. Conducting critical review to the paper: PK, AM(9), GK, PC, MM,RM, AB, EM(2), SM, RN, EM(6), DS, SU, WR, BM, ED, DM, BS, KR, KK
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Ethical approval to conduct this study was obtained from the ethics committee of the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), reference number NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/4184. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from PORALG, the District Medical Officer of Kondoa district, and the medical officer in Charge of Kondoa District Hospital. All the study participants provided written informed consent to participate in the study and the publication of the findings. We de-identified the participant by allowing them to complete the test identification number instead of their full names. We followed all the procedures in accordance with the institutional review board and local authorities’ guidelines and regulations as per the Helsinki Declaration.
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Participants and research regulatory bodies provided the consent to publish these data.
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The authors declare no competing interests.
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Karoli, P., Mayige, M., Kagaruki, G. et al. Mid-level healthcare workers knowledge on non-communicable diseases in Tanzania: a district-level pre-and post-training assessment. BMC Health Serv Res 24, 612 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11078-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11078-w