Skip to main content
Download PDF

Patients’ views on health promotion and disease prevention services provided by healthcare workers in a South African tertiary hospital

BMC Health Services Research volume 23, Article number: 368 (2023) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Patients’ views and experiences in healthcare institutions provide a means of assessing the quality of services patients receive from healthcare workers (HCWs). However, the views of patients on the health promotion (HP) and disease prevention (DP) services offered by HCWs and the delivery mode have not been adequately studied.

Aim

This study assessed the views of patients on HP and DP services provided by various categories of HCWs.

Setting

The study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, South Africa.

Method

An exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 patients. The questionnaire elicited responses from patients regarding the HP and DP services received from the different cadres of HCWs at three different admission phases: pre-admission phase (PAP), admission phase (ADP), and post-admission phase (POP). Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analysis was conducted.

Results

In the PAP, most patients (83.33%, n = 5; 87.85%, n = 217; and 76.14%, n = 150) seen by the rehabilitation health workers, medical doctors, and nurses respectively were empowered to manage their health. Patients attended to by nurses were 0.45 (95% CI 0.27–0.74) times less likely than those attended to by medical doctors to receive information that that will help them address the physical and environmental needs. In the ADP, patients attended to by nurses were less likely, compared to those attended to by medical doctors to be empowered to have good control over their health. In the POP, patients attended to by nurses are more likely to have their health behaviours change for better compared to those not seen by any HCW.

Conclusion

Patients attending tertiary hospital received greater HP and DP services during the PAP and ADP of patient care. Greatest influence for behavioural change of patients on HP and DP were achieved from the medical doctors, nurses and rehabilitation service staff. Improving structural factors may prove beneficial in enhancing patients’ experience from all HCW groups and phases of patient care.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

In addition to clinical services, patients receive HP and DP services [1, 2] from HCWs within and outside the healthcare facilities. These HP and DP services have improved health outcomes among patients, reduced disease burden, boosted cost-effectiveness, and improved patients’ experiences [3, 4]. Assessing patients’ views and perceptions is a vital tool in understanding how well healthcare services are delivered and received [5,6,7] and help to identify practical ways to enhance service delivery.

Health promotion refers to the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health [8]. Disease prevention on the other hand, describes measures to reduce the occurrence of risk factors, prevent the occurrence of disease, to arrest its prgress and reduce its consequences once established [8]. In South Africa, there is reduced coordinated HP and DP training for medical doctors compared to nurses [9].

Patients are key stakeholders in the healthcare system [10]. With an increasing focus on the quality of services delivered to patients [11], they are now more knowledgeable of their health conditions [12,13,14], know their rights [15], and freely convey their expectations concerning various healthcare services rendered to them by HCWs [16]. Previous studies have evaluated healthcare services in health institutions to measure, monitor and assess patients’ views on the health care services received from HCWs, including medical doctors, nurses, and rehabilitation service staff [7, 17]. According to Berger et al. [18], patient feedback is one of the major impact assessment indicators for service improvement and intervention. Berger et al. [18] described three forms of patient feedback: voluntary events, patients surveys, and informal feedback. In voluntary events, patients log complaints through available media such as customer portals, telephonic [19, 20] or email communication [21], or social media platforms. The feedback can also be initiated by the institution through periodic surveys done telephonically or issued to patients to complete. Informally, patients can also give feedback to HCWs verbally.

Although the literature on patients’ view of HP and DP services are limited, there is evidence suggesting that patients are distinctively positioned to guide HCWs on the quality of services they deliver. In the United States, most patients agreed that HCWs should be role models of behavioural change to them [22]. In France, Pinar et al. [23], while evaluating patient satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic suggested that patients who met their doctors for the first time were more likely to be satisfied. Reza et al. [24] demonstrated in a satisfaction survey, that the waiting time of patients at different service arms of the clinics influenced their overall satisfaction. A study by Freeman et al. [25] concluded that HP in South Africa, a country experiencing resource constraints affecting public healthcare service delivery, had great potentials to improve the cost-effectiveness of health outcomes. Although these authors assessed the views of HP practitioners, they did not assess the views of patients served. In addition, earlier studies focusing on HP or DP service assessments were conducted in countries with similar resource-constrained settings focusing on aspects such as nutrition promotion programs and promotion of physical activity in schools [26,27,28]. However, there is a dearth of information on studies evaluating the views of patients on HP and DP services rendered by HCWs in sub-Saharan countries, including South Africa.

In recent years, tertiary hospitals in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, South Africa, have made some progress in HP and DP services to patients [29]. However, this progress is restricted as individuals and specific HCW groups work in silos. To improve the quality of HP and DP services delivered to patients, the extent of services rendered by different HCW groups should be evaluated at this healthcare level with considerations of the views of patients. This study, therefore, was conducted to assess the views of patients regarding HP and DP services they received from HCWs.

Methods

Study design and sample

An exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted among patients referred to the outpatient and in-patient departments at a tertiary hospital in Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. The Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality is an important economic hub in South Africa as well as a reference in healthcare services. The tertiary hospital was selected as the setting for this study because it serves a catchment population of about 1.6 million, mainly from the Eastern Cape province. The sample population comprised all adult outpatients and inpatients of the hospital. We did not include critically ill patients and patients in intensive care unit for ethical reasons. Including these patients would have increased their stress and probably made their conditions worse.

Participants were selected using a homogenous purposive sampling strategy [30]. This strategy was used to include only patients that share the common characteristic of having been fully attended to by HCWs, either in the current or previous visits to the hospital. A total of 500 patients agreed to participate in the study by signing a written consent form. We purposively selected study participants because we wanted a sample size that was as large as possible. Since different patients were present on different days in the hospital, the study was conducted over three months to offer an equal chance for eligible participants to partake.

Survey instrument

Data collection was achieved using a structured questionnaire herein referred to as Health Promotion Provision Assessment (HPPA) questionnaire. The major advantage of the HPPA is in it’s higher response rates as it is designed for easy response, while it’s main drawback is on the time taken by the fieldworkers to interview every participant.The HPPA comprised two sections; section A had three items where the participants could indicate which HCW cadre offered certain HP and DP services while section B contained eight items focusing on patients’ satisfaction and empowerment. The HCW cadres included medical doctors, nurses, rehabilitation health workers, dieticians, and social workers. The items in section B were measured on a four-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). Both sections have Cronbach’s alpha of 0.777 and 0.783 respectively. Data collection was conducted between January to March 2020 by trained field workers. The field workers were graduate students.

Statistical analysis

Data was captured in Microsoft Excel 2016 and imported to StataIC 15 (Stata Statistical Software: Release 15. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC) where data cleaning and analysis was done. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the HP and DP services provided by different HCWs. Analysis was conducted for the three-tiered phase outcome measures comprising: pre-admission, admission, and post-admission. Pre-admission phase refers to the period of out-patient consultations and period before getting a bed in the hospital ward. Admission phase refers to the period in which patient is admitted in hospital and treated as in-patient. Post admission refers to period after a patient has been discharged from hospital and is at home. Associations between the outcome and predictor variables were assessed in a bivariate analysis using a Pearson chi-square test otherwise, a Fisher’s test was done where the same frequencies were small. This was done with phase outcome measures (pre-admission, admission, and post-admission). At the pre-admission phase, analysis focused on determining which HCW group properly attended to patients’ HP and DP needs. During the admission phase, the HCW group that attended to the patients at this stage was considered as the predictor variables, while the HCW group that followed the health progress of patients after discharge was considered for the post-admission phase. Predictor variables associated with the response variable in the bivariate analysis were used in a multinomial regression model. The Hosmer & Lemeshow test was used in checking the models’ goodness of fit [31].

All methods ensured adherence to the following guidelines and regulations: (1) Valid scientific design and conduct of the study were ensured; (2) Potential harms were prevented; (3) No participant was made to bear more than his/her fair share of the burden of participation in the study; (4) Protection of research participants’ privacy and confidentiality was ensured; and (5) Participants were entitled to choose freely whether to participate in the research, and to make decisions based on an adequate understanding of what the study entails [32].

Results

Pre-admission phase (PAP)

In the pre-admission phase, significant associations between HP/DP practices and the different cadres of HCWs were identified on five out of eight variables under consideration (Table 1). Statistically significant variables included - information helping patients address their physical and environmental needs (p < 0.001), patients’ being empowered to manage their health (p = 0.001), patients’ satisfaction with HP services (p = 0.002), patients’ health behaviour changing for better (p = 0.027), and patients being empowered to have good control over their health (p = 0.011). A 100% response rate was recorded by patients who were educated by rehabilitation health workers on the importance of treatment compliance. When compared across the various HCW cadres, rehabilitation health workers empowered 83.33% of their patients to have control over their health, 87.85% by medical doctors, and 76.14% by nurses. Regarding influencing patients to change their health behaviour for better, 33.33% of patients were not attended to by the rehabilitation health workers; 20.24% were not attended to by the medical doctors; and 25.00% were not attended to by the nurses.

Table 1 Bivariate analysis between outcome variable (Attending HCW at Pre-Admission Phase) and predictor variables
Full size table

In the final model of the multinomial regression analysis, three HP/DP variables were significantly associated with nurses’ practice, and none was identified for rehabilitation health workers (Table 2). The analysis showed that patients were 1.54 (95% CI: 1.03–2.30) times as likely to receive information about preventable diseases from nurses as they were from medical doctors. The results further showed that patients were 32% (RR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.33–0.99) less likely to be empowered by nurses than medical doctors to manage their health. In addition, the results also showed that patients were 64% (RR: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.14–0.88) and 61% (RR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.16–0.97) less likely to be addressed on physical and environmental needs and empowered to manage their health, respectively by none of the health workers compared to doctors.

Table 2 Multinomial regression model analysis relating HP and DP services and HCW groups in the PAP
Full size table

Admission phase (ADP)

Bivariate analysis of the admission phase showed a 100% response from patients who were attended to by the dieticians (Table 3). The results shows that four out of the eight HP/DP variables were significantly associated with the various healthcare professional groups. The statistically significant variables elicited in this phase are – information addressing physical and environmental needs of patients (p = 0.045), empowerment of patients to manage their health (p = 0.000), patients health behaviour changed for better (p < 0.001), and empowering patients to have good control over health (p = 0.000). Regarding patients’ empowerment to have good control over their health, the results show that 100% of the dieticians’ and rehabilitation health workers’ patients were fully attended to. A total of 86.19%  and 73.56% of patients seeing the medical doctors and nurses respectively were also empowered to have good control over their health.

Table 3 Bivariate analysis between outcome variable (Attending HCW at Admission Phase) and predictor variables
Full size table

The multivariate analysis of ADP (Table 4) revealed three statistically significant dimensions that were associated with the HCW group that attended to the patients. The analysis showed nurses were 57% (RR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.24–0.78) and 54% (RR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.22–0.95) less likely to empower patients to manage their health and take good control over health during admission, respectively compared to doctors. The result further showed that patients who were not attended to by any health worker were 0.09 (95% CI 0.02–0.37) times less likely to change their health behaviour for better when compared to patients attended to by medical doctors.

Table 4 Multinomial regression model analysis relating HP and DP services and HCW groups in ADP
Full size table

Post Admission Phase (POP)

Results emanating from the bivariate analysis of the POP showed no statistically significant association between the HP/DP variables and the various HCW cadres. The results show a 100% response from patients who were attended to by rehabilitation health workers on the importance of treatment compliance (Table 5). The results further showed that 70% of patients attended to by rehabilitation health workers were educated on the benefits of physical exercise and fitness. Similarly, 60% and 75% of patients were respectively educated by the medical doctors and nurses on the benefits of physical exercise and fitness.

Table 5 Bivariate analysis between outcome variable (Which HCW group gave you a call post-admission?) and predictor variables
Full size table

Final model multivariate analysis of the POP identified three HP/DP variables that were significantly associated with nurses practice (Table 6). The analysis show that nurses in the POP were 3.13 (95%CI: 1.02–5.09) times more likely to influence patients change their health behaviour for better compared to patients not seen by any healthcare worker. The analysis further showed that patients who were attended to by nurses were 0.29 (95% CI 0.09–0.90) and 0.17 (95% CI 0.06–0.53) times less likely to be educated on importance of treatment compliance and empowered to have good control over health respectively, compared to patients attended to by no health worker.

Table 6 Multinomial regression model analysis relating HP/ DP services and HCW groups in POP
Full size table

Discussion

The Health Promotion Provision assessment (HPPA) is a good tool for assessing the view of patients regarding the quality of health care services received from various groups of HCWs. We used it to assess the HP and DP services provided by the different HCW groups in three phases of patient care: pre-admission phase, admission phase, and post admission phase. Patients’ assessment of HCWs’ HP and DP performance were influenced by their experiences from the HCWs. Consistent with existing studies, our data show that patients received HP and DP services from HCWs mostly during the PAP and ADP [33,34,35,36,37], while the least of such services were received in the POP [38]. As observed in other studies [39,40,41], our study revealed that medical doctors had the greatest positive HP and DP influence on patients at both the PAP and ADP, while nurses influence was greatest at the POP .

In the PAP, our results showed that majority (greater than 50%) of patients seen by the various cadres of HCWs were adequately attended to across the statistically significant HP and DP services delivered. This finding may be related to the chosen study institution, in this case, a tertiary hospital. A tertiary hospital is a specialist centre [42] where patients with special needs beyond the care of the primary and secondary level hospitals are referred to. When patients with specific needs are seen by the appropriate specialists, chances are that they will receive the best care possible including HP and DP services. Although the rehabilitation health workers recorded a 100% response rate from patients regarding their role in educating patients on the importance of treatment compliance, this variable at PAP was not found to be statistically significant. Further in the PAP, greater number of patients were attended to by the medical doctors and nurses, and reasons for this may be due to the tailored needs of patients and a higher numerical staffing for these cadres of HCWs [29] compared to rehabilitation health workers in the hospital.

Again, in the PAP, patients’ satisfaction with HP services were 0.45 and 0.68 times lower by their interactions with nurses when compared to their interactions with medical doctors. Our findings corroborate with the results of Kalroozi, Dadgari, and Zareiyan [43] who reported 17.2% dissatisfaction of patients from nurses and only 8% dissatisfaction from medical doctors. The study of Karoozi et al. showed that high patients’ satisfaction with doctors was however demonstrated in the highly specialized wards of open-heart surgery. The current study, however, did not explore patients’ satisfaction at the specialized wards, and this warrants further exploration. Similarly, the study of Stump et al. 2019 [44] which showed that 90% of primary care physicians recommended HP and DP activities to their patients further supports our finding. Though our study’s finding shows that patients in the PAP were 1.12 times more likely to receive information concerning preventable diseases from the rehabilitation service staff compared to receiving it from medical doctors, this finding was not statistically significant, and search of the literature did not reveal a previous study to which this finding could be correlated. This finding can be explained in the light of the doctor – patient relationship which can be considered to be one of the most ethically significant dimensions of good medical care. It is during the interactions that constitute this relationship that information is shared, that choices get determined, that reassurances are provided, that decisions are made and, ultimately, that care is given, hence, the positive influence of medical doctors [45].

During the ADP, we found that patients’ empowerment to both manage and have good control over their health were 0.43 and 0.46 times less from their interactions with nurses when compared to their interactions with medical doctors. Although the contributions of all HCWs are strongly acknowledged and appreciated, during hospital admissions, patients believe that medical doctors have the final say regarding the quality of care they receive towards wellbeing. Further in the ADP, it was noted that patients ability to change their health behaviour for better was 1.79 times better from their interaction with nurses compared to medical doctors, this finding was however not statistically significant.

Results from the POP showed that nurses were more likely to influence better health behavioral change among patients compared to patients who were not attended to by any HCW. Further findings from the POP reveal that the influence from medical doctors, social workers, rehabilitation health workers, and dieticians was less likely to influence patients. This may be related to the minimal participation of these groups of HCWs in patients’ care once patients have been discharged. This minimal participation of certain groups of HCWs may be connected to the several challenges confronting the health department of the study area such as constrained human resources and infrastructure [46, 47]. At the POP, nurses were the only HCW group that positively influenced a HP/DP variable. This findings corroborate the study of Guzmán, Ferreira, and de Andrade (2020) which highlighted the important role nurses played through care networks in ensuring continuity of nursing services for discharged patients [48].

Although no study comparing HP and DP impact at the different phases was identified, most HP and DP services carried out at the primary healthcare centers are outpatient services (pre-admission phases). The WHO vision for primary healthcare in the 21st century recognizes HP and DP as a vital primary care responsibility in the delivery of comprehensive healthcare services [49]. Whilst some studies [50, 51] have attempted to explore the HP and DP services at primary healthcare, this study is distinctive in linking the HCWs HP and DP services at a tertiary level hospital with the accruing HP empowerment.

We also noted that two HP dimensions; ‘patients’ empowerment to manage their health’ and ‘patients’ empowerment to have good control over their health’ were the most recurrent variables. The former occurring twice in PAP and ADP, while the later dimension occurred twice in ADP and POP. The occurrence of both dimensions in the PAP and ADP may be related to most hospital outpatients and inpatients having risk factors [34] that are amenable to changes following their interactions with HCWs.

Limitations and strengths

The study was conducted in only one tertiary hospital which draws patients from many hospitals within the region. Thus, we may not have accommodated some of the views of patients at the primary and secondary level hospitals. We have attempted to address this shortfall by considering patients that were referred to the hospital from the lower levels. Furthermore, the study did not include the specialized wards of the hospital and offers potential for future explorations. A major strength of this study is the comparison of patients’ views concerning the various HCW groups and the stratification of the various phases of patients care which makes it easier to identify which HCW group and care phase needs to be strengthened.

Conclusion

This study presents evidence on patients’ views of HP and DP services offered by HCWs in a South African tertiary hospital context. The study revealed the complementarity of HCWs in delivering HP and DP services to patients, evidenced by the differential influences on patients by the different groups of HCW groups. While HP and DP services were delivered better to patients during the PAP and ADP, the least services were delivered during the POP, the impact of some HCWs were minimally noticed at all phases. The study revealed that nurses were less likely to empower patients to manage their health and take good control over health during admission, respectively compared to doctors. Our study expounds on essential elements that may assist HCWs and policymakers to predict and enhance quality within healthcare facilities. To improve on the quality of HP and DP services by HCWs, more attention needs to be paid to the POP and HCWs whose HP and DP services were identified to be less influential, and skills on key dimensions that potentiates outcome. Periodic trainings of HCWs on how to give effective HP and DP services using better communication methods is therefore recommended. Furthermore, it is important to conduct a periodic needs assessment to identify patients’ expectations and merge this with services from HCWs. Similar studies including details on participants’ demography should be conducted at the primary and secondary care levels. Such studies should also explore reasons why most HP and DP services were perceived to be given by certain HCWs and at certain phases.

Data Availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available at the following link: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/9JXKCG.

References

  1. Taghdisi M, Poortaghi S, Dehdari T, Gojazadeh M, Kheiri M. Self-assessment of health promoting hospital ’ s activities in the largest heart hospital of Northwest Iran. BMC Heal Serv Res. 2018;18(512):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3378-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Wartiningsih M, Supriyanto S, Widati S, Ernawaty E, Lestari R. Health promoting hospital: a practical strategy to improve patient loyalty in public sector. J Public health Res. 2020;9(2):165–8. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2020.1832.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Freeman M, Simmonds JE, Parry CDH. Health promotion: how government can ensure that the National Health Insurance Fund has a fighting chance. South Afr Med J. 2020;110(3):188–91. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2020.v110i3.14499.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Dubas-Jakóbczyk K, Kocot E, Kissimova-Skarbek K, Huter K, Rothgang H. Economic evaluation of health promotion and primary prevention actions for older people-A systematic review. Eur J Public Health. 2017;27(4):670–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Mohebifar R, Hasani H, Barikani A, Rafiei S. Evaluating Service Quality from Patients ’ Perceptions: Application of Importance e performance Analysis Method. Osong Public Heal Res Perspect [Internet]. 2016;7(4):233–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2016.05.002

  6. Abbasi-Moghaddam MA, Zarei E, Bagherzadeh R, Dargahi H, Farrokhi P. Evaluation of service quality from patients’ viewpoint. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-3998-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Rezaei S, Matin BK, Moradi K, Bijan B, Fallahi M, Shokati B, et al. Measurement of quality of Educational Hospital Services by the SERVQUAL Model: the iranian patients’ perspective. Electron Physician. 2016;8(3):2101–6. https://doi.org/10.19082/2101.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. World Health Organization [WHO]. Health Promotion Glossary of Terms 2021 [Internet]. Vol. 36, World Health Organization. 2021. 1811–1811 p. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240038349

  9. Melariri HI, Kalinda C, Chimbari MJ, Training. Attitudes, and Practice (TAP) among healthcare professionals in the Nelson Mandela Bay municipality, South Africa: A health promotion and disease prevention perspective. PLoS One [Internet]. 2021;16(11 November):1–16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259884

  10. Heckert A, Forsythe LP, Carman KL, Frank L, Hemphill R, Elstad EA, et al. Researchers, patients, and other stakeholders’ perspectives on challenges to and strategies for engagement. Res Involv Engagem. 2020;6(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40900-020-00227-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Berwick D, Fox DM. Evaluating the Quality of Medical Care”: Donabedian’s Classic Article 50 Years Later. Milbank Q [Internet]. 2016;94(2):237–41. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4911723/pdf/MILQ-94-237.pdf

  12. Yeh JZ, Wei CJ, Weng SF, Tsai CY, Shih JH, Shih CL, et al. Disease-specific health literacy, disease knowledge, and adherence behavior among patients with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5972-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Wolf MS, Serper M, Opsasnick L, O’Conor RM, Curtis L, Benavente JY, et al. Awareness, attitudes, and actions related to COVID-19 among adults with chronic conditions at the onset of the U.S. outbreak: a cross-sectional survey. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(2):100–9. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-1239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Tran VT, Diard E, Ravaud P. Priorities to improve the care for chronic conditions and multimorbidity: a survey of patients and stakeholders nested within the ComPaRe e-cohort. BMJ Qual Saf. 2020;1–11. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2020-011219.

  15. Gurung S, Sapkota R. Awareness regarding patient rights among hospitalized patients in a hospital of Rupandehi. J Univers Coll Med Sci. 2019;7(1):51–4. https://doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v7i1.24693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. El-Haddad C, Hegazi I, Hu W. Understanding patient expectations of Health Care: a qualitative study. J Patient Exp. 2020;7(6):1724–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/2374373520921692.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Baines R, Regan De Bere S, Stevens S, Read J, Marshall M, Lalani M, et al. The impact of patient feedback on the medical performance of qualified doctors: a systematic review. BMC Med Educ. 2018;18(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1277-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Berger S, Saut AM, Berssaneti FT. Using patient feedback to drive quality improvement in hospitals: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(e037641):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037641 2020–037641

  19. Williams M, Jordan A, Scott J, Jones MD. Operating a patient medicines helpline: a survey study exploring current practice in England using the RE-AIM evaluation framework. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3690-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Blankenship BA, Carr P. Integrating call center and clinical communication technology to improve patient access and experience.Nurs Manage. 2020;(February2020):1–6.

  21. Yea J, Rusta G, Fry-Johnsona Y, Strothers H. E-mail in patient–provider communication: a systematic review. Patient Educ Couns. 2010;80(2):266–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2009.09.038.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Black B, Ingman M, Janes J. Promotion as Perceived by the patient: descriptive survey. Am Phys Ther Assoc. 2016;96(10):1588–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Pinar U, Anract J, Perrot O, Tabourin T, Chartier E, Jerome K et al. Preliminary assessment of patient and physician satisfaction with the use of teleconsultation in urology during the COVID – 19 pandemic. World J Urol [Internet]. 2020;(0123456789). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-020-03432-4

  24. Reza M, Habibi M, Abadi FM, Tabesh H, Vakili- H, Eslami S. Evaluation of patient satisfaction of the status of appointment scheduling systems in outpatient clinics: identifying patients ’ needs. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2018;9(2):51–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Freeman M, Simmonds J, Parry C. Where are we with noncommunicable disease health promotion in South Africa, where should we be, and how can we get to where we need to be? [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.samrc.ac.za/sites/default/files/files/2020-06-29/NoncommunicableDiseases.pdf

  26. Oyeyemi AL, Oyeyemi AY, Omotara BA, Lawan A, Kolapo K. Physical activity profile of Nigeria: implications for research, surveillance and policy. Pan Afr Med J. 2018;30(175):1–7. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2018.30.175.12679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Dukhi N, Sartorius B, Taylor M. A behavioural change intervention study for the prevention of childhood obesity in South Africa: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(179):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8272-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Freeman MC, Ellis AS, Ogutu EA, Caruso BA, Linabarger M, Micek K et al. Impact of a demand- ­ side integrated based WASH and nutrition community- ­ care group intervention on behavioural change: a randomised controlled trial in western Kenya. BMJ Glob Heal. 2020;5(e002806):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002806 2020–002806

  29. Melariri HI, Kalinda C, Chimbari MJ. Enablers and hindrances to health promotion and disease prevention practices among healthcare workers in Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, South Africa. Prev Med Reports [Internet]. 2021;23:101462. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101462

  30. Etikan I, Musa SA, Alkassim RS. Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. Am J Theor Appl Stat. 2016;5(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied Logistic Regression. Second. In: Cressie NA, Fisher N, Johnstone IM, Kadane J, editors. A Wiley - Interscience publication. John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2000. p. 144.

  32. World Health Organization. Standards and Operational Guidance for Ethics Review of Health-Related Research with Human Participants. Available from: https://www.who.int/activities/ensuring-ethical-standards-and-procedures-for-research-with-human-beings

  33. Groene O, Garcia-barbero M. Health promotion in hospitals: evidence and quality management. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Compenhagen, Denmark; 2005.

  34. Oppedal K, Nesvg S, Pedersen B, Skjøtskift S, Aarstad AKH, Ullaland S et al. Health and the need for health promotion in hospital patients. Eur J Public Health. 011;21(6):744–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckq148

  35. Kalkhoran S, Benowitz NL, Rigotti NA. Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Use. Joiurnal Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.036. ISSN 0735–1097/$36.00.

  36. Afshari A, Mostafavi F, Latifi A, Ghahnaviyeh LA, Pirouzi M. Hospitals reorientation towards health promotion: A qualitative study of barriers to and strategies for implementation of health promotion in hospitals of Isfahan, Iran. J Educ Health Promot. 2018;(1). https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_135_17

  37. Kuo MW, Yeh SH, Chang HM, Teng PR. Effectiveness of oral health promotion program for persons with severe mental illness: a cluster randomized controlled study. BMC Oral Health [Internet]. 2020;1–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-020-01280-7

  38. WHO/UNICEF. Report of the Global Conference on Primary Health Care:From Alma-Ata towards Universal Health Coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals [Internet]. Astana. ; 2019. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/330291/WHO-UHC-IHS-2019.62-eng.pdf

  39. Oberg EB, Frank E. Physicians’ health practices strongly influence patient health practices. J R Coll Physicians. 2009;39(4):290–1. https://doi.org/10.4997/JRCPE.2009.422.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Pati S, Chauhan AS, Mahapatra S, Sinha R, Pati S. Practicing health promotion in primary care – a reflective enquiry.J Prev Med Hyg. 2017;(58):E288–93.

  41. Chiou ST, Chiang JH, Huang N, Chien LY. Health behaviors and participation in health promotion activities among hospital staff: Which occupational group performs better?BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14(1). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/14/474

  42. Flegel K. Tertiary hospitals must provide general care. Can Med Assoc J. 2015;187(4):235. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.150056.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Kalroozi F, Dadgari F, Zareiyan A. Patients ’ satisfaction with patient ’ s bill of right observance.Iran J Mil Med. 2010;12(3).

  44. Stump TK, Robinson JK, Yanez B, Penedo F. Physicians ’ Perspectives on Medication Adherence and Health Promotion Among Cancer Survivors. 2019;4319–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32410

  45. Dunn M. At the moral margins of the doctor-patient relationship. J Med Ethics. 2019;45(3):149–50. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2019-105407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Maphumulo WT, Bhengu BR. Challenges of quality improvement in the healthcare of South Africa post-apartheid: a critical review. Curationis. 2019;42(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v42i1.1901.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Mbunge E. Effects of COVID-19 in South African health system and society: An explanatory study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2020;14(2020):1809–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.09.016

  48. Guzmán MDCG, Ferreira A, de Andrade SR. Role of nurses for continuity of care after hospital discharge. Texto e Context Enferm. 2020;29(special issue):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2019-0268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. WHO and UNICEF. A Vision for Primary Health Care in the 21St Century. Towards universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals [Internet]. World Health Organisation. Geneva. ; 2018. Available from: http://www.who.int/docs/default-source/primary-health/vision.pdf?sfvrsn=c3119034_2

  50. Appiah-Agyekum NN. Primary healthcare implementation in practice: evidence from primary healthcare managers in Ghana. Afr J Prim Heal care Fam Med. 2020;12(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v12i1.2183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Chiu CJ, Hu JC, Lo YH, Chang EY. Health promotion and disease prevention interventions for the elderly: a scoping review from 2015–2019. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(15):1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to patients who participated in this study.

Funding

This research was supported by the University of KwaZulu-Natal, College of Health Sciences scholarship funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Health Sciences, Disipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban, 4041, South Africa

    Herbert I. Melariri, Chester Kalinda & Moses J. Chimbari

  2. Eastern Cape Department of Health, Port Elizabeth Provincial Hospital, Buckingham Rd, Mount Croix, Gqeberha, 6001, South Africa

    Herbert I. Melariri

  3. University of Global Health Equity (UGHE), Bill and Joyce Cummings Institute of Global Health, PO Box 6955, Kigali, 20093, Rwanda

    Chester Kalinda

  4. Great Zimbabwe University, PO Box 1235, Masvingo, Zimbabwe

    Moses J. Chimbari

Authors
  1. Herbert I. Melariri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chester Kalinda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Moses J. Chimbari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Herbert Melariri: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Project administration.

Chester Kalinda: Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing - review & editing, Visualization.

Moses J. Chimbari: Validation, Resources, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Herbert I. Melariri.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethical approvals for this study were granted by the University of KwaZulu-Natal Biomedical Research Ethics Committee on 04 November 2019 (BREC /00000088/2019) and the Research Committee of the Eastern Cape Heath Department on 08 November 2019 (EC_201910_012). Informed consent was obtained from all participants. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationship(s) that may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Melariri, H.I., Kalinda, C. & Chimbari, M.J. Patients’ views on health promotion and disease prevention services provided by healthcare workers in a South African tertiary hospital. BMC Health Serv Res 23, 368 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09351-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09351-5

Keywords

BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

Contact us