Study design
This randomized non-inferiority trial was designed to compare two groups: CAD patients meeting outpatient clinic discharge criteria, counter-referred from tertiary to primary care for follow-up with telemedicine monitoring (intervention group); and CAD patients meeting outpatient clinic discharge criteria with follow-up at the original tertiary care outpatient clinic (control group).
Study population and sample size
The study population will be selected among patients from the Ischemic Heart Disease outpatient clinic at HCPA, a tertiary care university hospital in South Brazil. All clinic patients have CAD defined by the presence of at least one of the following: documented history of myocardial infarction, surgical or percutaneous myocardial revascularization, lesion > 50 % in at least one coronary artery assessed by angiography, or presence of angina and positive noninvasive testing of ischemia [8].
Study participants will undergo standard anamnesis and medical examination to verify clinical stability and discharge criteria.
The sample size was calculated as 140 patients in each group—considering a non-inferiority margin of 10 % and incidence of 92 % of the main outcome, that is, maintenance of Canadian Cardiovascular Society Functional Classification (CCS) 12 months after the start of follow-up. This was based on the rate of patients with increase in angina to a higher CCS reported by a previous study for the control group receiving optimal treatment for CAD [9]. An additional 10 % margin was added to account for losses to follow-up. For calculation of sample size, a ß of 0.9 and an α of 0.05 (two-sided) were considered.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Individuals of both genders, aged ≥ 18 years, with a diagnosis of CAD and CCS I or II at the moment of enrollment, without cardiovascular events requiring hospital admission during the previous year, will be selected for the study. Verification of discharge criteria will be performed by the medical team running the clinic, without interference from the investigators.
Patients who have been followed-up at the clinic for less than 1 year, unstable patients needing medication adjustments, patients performing diagnostic evaluation at the moment of enrollment, or those who do not agree with the outcome of randomization will be excluded.
Interview and questionnaires
Eligible individuals will be invited at the outpatient clinic, after their regular appointment, to participate in the study. At study entry, patients will undergo a baseline interview (Fig. 1). Interviews will be performed by a trained professional using a standard pre-coded questionnaire. The following information will be collected by interview or review of medical records: (i) clinical and epidemiological data: previous diagnoses, including chronic heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), chronic arterial disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), dyslipidemia and diabetes; Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) Functional Classification of Angina grade at the moment of the interview [10]. (ii) Biological factors: age and sex. (iii) Socioeconomic factors: skin color, social class, literacy, income, and schooling. (iv) Lifestyle: alcohol consumption, smoking, and practice of physical activities. (v) Use of medications: dose and type of medications, adherence to drug treatment (measured by an adapted version of the Brief Medication Questionnaire). (vi) Laboratory tests and medical procedures performed.
Intervention
The intervention will be discharge from the tertiary outpatient clinic and referral to the primary care facility nearest to the home address, with clinical support from an existing telemedicine platform and a toll-free hotline (TelessaúdeRS/UFRGS). Prompt access to the tertiary outpatient clinic will be ensured in acute situations following agreement between primary physicians and teleconsultants. The toll free line is accessible to primary care physicians is available Monday through Friday, from 8:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. [11].
A TelessaúdeRS/UFRGS team designated for the project includes one specialized cardiologist with access to the patient’s electronic record, whose role will be to aid primary care physicians in patient management, and a medical student dedicated to manage and monitor the study flowchart.
The control group will undergo the routine follow-up scheme, with appointments scheduled every six months or once yearly at the outpatient Ischemic Cardiopathy Clinic at HCPA.
Randomization
Patients eligible for inclusion will be randomized 1:1 using random block sizes of six and four, by a computerized list provided by randomization.com. The investigator in charge of randomization will not be involved in determination of eligibility or assessment of outcomes. Group assignment will be performed by opening a sealed opaque envelope in front of the patient after signature of the informed consent form and completion of the initial research questionnaire. After that, the groups will be managed as follows (Fig. 1):
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Telehealth group (intervention group): the patient will be discharged from the tertiary care outpatient clinic and directed to a primary care facility (Basic Health/Family Health Strategy unit) previously identified according to residential address. At the primary care facility, patients will book a routine appointment within two months. For that, the patient will bring the discharge note, comprising all relevant information about the case, medical prescriptions, and a counter-reference note with therapeutic planning. The TelessaúdeRS/UFRGS team will contact the basic health unit and provide access to the telehealth platform for follow-up monitoring. A teleadvisory will be scheduled between the medical teleconsultants and the primary physicians within two months after outpatient clinic discharge to discuss clinical management of the patient. Furthermore, primary physicians can call the support team at TelessaúdeRS/UFRGS whenever they have doubts about the clinical management. Patients will be interviewed by telephone at four and eight months of follow-up using the standardized instrument used at study entry. The calls will be made by independent evaluators, hired and trained specifically for this purpose. An appointment will be booked at 12 months of follow-up for final evaluation of the patient.
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Control group: patients will undergo the usual flow routine during the study period. Patients will be interviewed by telephone using the standardized instrument at four and eight months of follow-up. An appointment will be booked at 12 months of follow-up for final evaluation of the patient. Ifclinical status is stable, the patient will no longer attend the tertiary outpatient clinic for follow-up.
For all patients (intervention and control groups), the 12-month appointment will focus on evaluation of symptoms, episodes of disease decompensation, and adherence to treatment. Patients who do not show up for the 12-month appointment will be contacted by telephone. If the patient is not found, the study team will contact the primary care facility to determine the patient’s clinical status.
Outcome measures and assessment procedures
Telephone interviews aim to identify changes in functional class or clinical events taking place over the follow-up period.
The final 12-month interview will evaluate the same components assessed in the initial interview, in order to determine improvement/worsening of clinical status. All patients will undergo blood tests with serum lipids and glucose evaluation.
The primary outcome is maintenance of CCS I or II at 12 months.
Secondary outcomes focus on risk factors. Control of risk factors will analyze variations of at least 5 % in the following pre and post-intervention measurements [12]:
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systemic blood pressure;
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controlled dyslipidemia: LDL < 100 mg/dL;
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glycated hemoglobin (in the presence of diabetes);
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abstinence from tobacco smoking;
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about 150 min/week of regular physical activity.
Additional secondary outcomes include health care access variables, such as: medical appointment in primary care facility taking place within not more than six months after referral, with review of medications and issue of prescriptions; and disease instability during the 12-month follow-up, defined as the need for seeking emergence care due to cardiovascular disease: acute chest pain; heart failure decompensation; acute arrhythmias; stroke.
Given the objective nature of the outcomes, the safety of the intervention, and the brief follow-up period, endpoint adjudication and data monitoring committees will not be appointed. No interim analyses are proposed. At the 4 and 8-month telephone interviews patients will be asked about possible unintended effects of the trial, and will receive guidance as required. After the trial, patients will be readmitted to the outpatient clinic if continued care at a primary care facility is not available.
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables without normal distribution will be described as mean ± standard deviation or median and inter-quartile range (IQR). Categorical variables will be expressed as percentages. Comparisons between groups will be performed by Student’s t-test for continuous variables with normal distribution and Wilcoxon’s test for variables without normal distribution. Fisher’s exact test will be used for categorical variables. Logistic regression analysis will be used to establish the effect of the counter-referral strategy on primary and secondary outcomes at 12 months. Analysis of survival free of events at 12 months will be performed using the Cox multivariate regression and described in Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Variables with P < 0.10 in the univariate analyses will be included in the multivariate model. Primary outcome analysis will be according to intention to treat (ITT). Determination of sample size has taken into consideration a 10 % loss to follow-up.
Data will be analyzed in SPSS 18.0 for Windows. Statistical significance is set at P < 0.05.
Ethical precautions
The study will be carried out in accordance with the guidelines for Good Clinical Practice, the Declaration of Helsinki, the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMA) and other applicable guidelines, regulations and acts. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (CAAE: 28064614.0.0000.5327). All participants will be extensively informed about the study, including confidentiality aspects and the right to withdraw from the study at any time, without providing an explanation and with no effect on the quality of treatment. Written information will be provided prior to inclusion and patients will express their agreement to participate by signing a written consent form. The name and telephone number of a physician will be provided for patients with questions about the research before, during, and after the start of the protocol.
Study sponsor and funding agencies have not participated in study design and will not be involved in collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing of the report; and the decision to submit the report for publication. Because this is a single-center study, a steering committee was not appointed.
Results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal after the end of the trial, without restrictions. Authorship will be defined according to the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.
