Table 2 DKD related testing practices [n(%)]

Total

5588(89.70)

1316(21.12)

817(13.11)

582(9.34)

Gender

 Male

2690(89.13)

643(21.31)

413(13.68)

297(9.84)

 Female

2898(90.22)

673(20.95)

404(12.58)

285(8.87)

χ2

2.01

0.12

1.67

1.72

P

0.16

0.73

0.20

0.19

Age

 18–44 yrs

234(80.41)

95(32.65)

52(17.87)

53(18.21)

 45-59yrs

1641(89.23) ^a

406(22.08) ^a

257(13.97)

165(8.97) ^a

 60 and above

3713(90.56) ^a

815(19.88) ^a

508(12.39) ^a

364(8.88) ^a

χ²

30.88

28.01

8.86

28.38

P

< 0.01

< 0.01

0.01

< 0.01

Residential

 Urban areas

2651(86.18)

679(22.07)

425(13.82)

301(9.79)

 Rural areas

2937(93.12)

637(20.20)

392(12.43)

281(8.91)

χ²

81.06

3.29

2.63

1.41

P

< 0.01

0.07

0.10

0.23

Location

 Southern

2864(90.20)

572(18.02)

205(6.46)

209(6.58)

 Northern

2724(89.17)

744(24.35)

612(20.03)

373(12.21)

χ²

1.82

37.53

251.84

58.20

P

0.18

< 0.01

< 0.01

< 0.01

Education level

 Under primary school

1175(92.96)

194(15.35)

116(9.18)

56(4.43)

 Primary school

1344(89.12) ^b

223(14.79)

146(9.68)

104(6.90)

 Junior high school

1608(89.48) ^b

402(22.37) ^{b, c}

249(13.86) ^{b, c}

191(10.63) ^{b, c}

 Senior high school

1078(89.46) ^b

319(26.47) ^{b, c}

194(16.10) ^{b, c}

137(11.37) ^{b, c}

 College and above

383(83.99) ^{b, c,d, e}

178(39.04) ^{b, c,d, e}

112(24.56) ^{b, c,d, e}

94(20.61) ^{b, c,d, e}

χ²

31.31

171.81

95.52

124.43

P

< 0.01

< 0.01

< 0.01

< 0.01

Comorbidity

 Yes

3026(93.54)

729(22.53)

444(13.72)

316(9.77)

 No

2562(85.54)

587(19.60)

373(12.45)

266(8.88)

χ²

107.6

8.04

2.20

1.44

P

< 0.01

< 0.01

0.14

0.23

Duration of T2DM

 Under five years

1855(89.14)

439(21.10)

269(12.93)

202(9.71)

 5–9 years

1888(90.25)

359(17.16) ^f

253(12.09)

161(7.70)

 10 years and above

1845 (89.69)

518(25.18) ^{f, g}

295(14.34)

219(10.65) ^g

χ²

1.39

40.06

4.69

11.15

P

0.50

< 0.01

0.10

< 0.01