Table 2 Multilevel analysis of factors associated with access to health care among female youths (n = 51,064)

Age

15–19 years

10,606 (38.98)

16,604 (61.02)

1

1

20–24 years

9,226 (38.68)

14,628 (61.32)

0.80 (0.66, 0.98)

0.75 (0.61, 0.92)**

Sex of household head

Male

14,328 (38.98)

22,432 (61.02)

1

1

Female

5,504 (38.48)

8,800 (61.52)

0.78 (0.61, 1.00)

0.79(0.62, 1.02)

Respondents educational level

No formal education

930 (23.22)

3,072 (76.78)

1

1

Primary education

8,713 (33.66)

17,169 (66.34)

1.48 (1.11, 1.98)

1.40 (1.04, 1.90)*

Secondary education

9,144 (47.03)

10,300 (52.97)

2.00 (1.44, 2.78)

1.73(1.23, 2.46)**

Higher

1,046 (60.26)

690 (39.74)

2.00 (1.01, 3.96)

1.20 (0.59, 2.44)

Respondents occupation

Currently working

9,486 (43.25)

12,446 (56.75)

0.95 (0.77, 1.10)

1.03 (0.85, 1.24)

Currently not working

10,357 (35.55)

18,756 (64.45)

1

1

Husband’s educational level

No formal education

566 (24.52)

1,742 (75.48)

1

1

Primary education

2,716 (30.96)

6,056 (69.04)

1.00 (0.75, 1.34)

0.98 (0.73, 1.32)

Secondary

2,583 (43.57)

3,346 (56.43)

1.38 (1.00, 1.90)

1.26 (0.90, 1.76)

Higher

449 (53.34)

392 (46.66)

1.30 (0.77, 2.18)

1.14 (0.67, 1.94)

Don’t know

150 (43.91)

192 (56.09)

1.63 (0.91, 2.92)

1.39 (0.76, 2.55)

Wealth index

Poor

5,036 (27.29)

13,418 (72.71)

1

Middle

3,389 (35.12)

6,261 (64.88)

1.17 (0.94, 1.46)

1.14 (0.91, 1.43)

Rich

11,406 (49.68)

11,554 (50.32)

1.60 (1.30, 1.97)

1.35 (1.07, 1.72)*

Wanted pregnancy

Yes

1576 (37.74)

2601 (62.26)

0.86 (0.37, 1.97)

0.88 (0.36, 2.12)

No

23 (27.52)

60 (72.48)

1

1

Having living children

Yes

7174 (35.80)

12,868 (64.20)

1.21 (1.01, 1.46)

1.15 (0.95, 1.39)

No

12,657 (40.80)

18,364 (59.2)

1

1

Family size

1–5

10,437 (37.27)

17,571 (62.73)

1

1

>5

9,395 (40.75)

13,661 (59.25)

0.86 (0.69, 1.08)

0.83 (0.66, 1.05)

Decision making autonomy for health care

Autonomous

4,807 (36.63)

8,313 (63.37)

1.19 (1.00, 1.42)

1.19 (0.99, 1.43)

Not autonomous

1,657 (32.68)

3,414 (67.32)

1

1

Beating justified if wife goes without telling husband

Yes

1727 (34.36)

3300 (65.64)

1.02(0.86, 1.23)

0.88 (0.73, 1.06)

No

8096 (61.5)

5,069 (38.5)

1

1

Covered by health insurance

Yes

3625 (56.06)

2842 (43.94)

1.64 (1.20, 2.25)

1.35 (0.84, 2.18)

No

16,207 (36.34)

28,390 (63.66)

1

1

Media exposed

Yes

14,530 (44.31)

18,261 (55.69)

1.42 (1.19, 1.70)

1.35 (1.12, 1.63)**

No

5302 (29.02)

12,971 (70.98)

1

1

Residence

Urban

6846 (56.21)

5334 (43.79)

1

1

Rural

12,986 (33.40)

25,898 (66.60)

0.41 (0.39, 0.43)

0.47 (0.36, 0.61)***

Countries

Burundi

2206 (31.06)

4897 (68.94)

1

1

Ethiopia

1972 (32.09)

4171 (67.91)

1.03 (0.95, 1.12)

0.74 (0.51, 1.09)

Madagascar

2351 (29.74)

5555 (70.26)

0.85 (0.79, 0.92)

0.48 (0.34, 0.68)***

Malawi

3020 (28.99)

7401 (71.01)

0.90 (0.84, 0.96)

0.42 (0.30, 0.59)***

Rwanda

3121 (55.03)

2551 (44.97)

2.75 (2.55, 2.97)

0.95 (0.54, 1.66)

Uganda

3545 (43.84)

4541 (56.16)

1.60 (1.49, 1.72)

1.01 (0.73, 1.40)

Zambia

3617 (63.08)

2116 (36.92)

3.16 (2.92, 3.42)

1.66 (1.13, 2.44)*

Community level poverty

Low

11,120 (42.47)

15,061 (57.53)

1

1

High

8712 (35.01)

16,171 (64.99)

0.86 (0.79, 0.93)

0.83 (0.66, 1.04)

Community level education

Low

9441 (36.95)

16,113 (63.05)

1

1

High

10,391 (40.73)

15,119 (59.27)

1.09 (1.02, 1.18)

1.26 (1.02, 1.55)*

Community-level media exposure

Low

8,968 (35.52)

16,275 (64.48)

1

1

High

10,864 (42.08)

14,957 (57.92)

1.05 (0.96, 1.14)

0.87 (0.70, 1.09)

Measures of variations

Variance

0.59

0.25

0.56

0.19

ICC (%)

7.08%

15.3%

14.6%

5.4%

MOR

1.98

1.29

1.93

1.13

PCV

Ref.

57.6%

5.08%

67.8%

Deviance (-2logliklihood)

66,835.6

4,271.8

62,680.3

4,105.9