Table 1 Summary and characteristics of included studies
From: Factors influencing the length of stay in forensic psychiatric settings: a systematic review
Study | Author (date) | Country | N | Security level | Study Design | Years studied | Duration (years) | Statistical Analysis | Length of stay: mean (SD) in years (unless specified otherwise) | Age, mean (SD) | Female sex (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Alexander 2011 | United Kingdom | 138 | Medium | Cross-sectional | NS | 6 | Linear regression | 2.8 (median) | 30.43(9.274) | 21 |
2 | Andreasson 2014 | Sweden | 127 | NS | Cohort | 1999–2005 | 6 | Cox regression | 2.61 | 38 (17–79) (median) | 19 |
3 | Belfrage 2002 | Sweden | 150 | High (maximum) | Cross-sectional | 1997–2001 | 4 | Kruskal Wallis Mann-Whitney U | 3.08(3.67) | 39 (10) | 0 |
4 | Brown 2009 | United Kingdom | 157 | Medium | Cross-sectional | 2002–2006 | 4 | Mann-Whitney U | 1.97 (median) | 38.9 (Restricted) 35.1 (Civil/Prison) | 0 |
5 | Chester 2018 | United Kingdom | 402 | Medium and High | Cross-sectional | 2013 | NA | Mann-Whitney U | 12.67(8.2) (ID) 14.95(8.78) (nID) | 40 (ID) 45 (nID) | 14.2 |
6 | Colwell 2011 | United States | 71 | High (maximum) | Cross-sectional | NS | NS | Logistic regression | 0.32(0.21) | 37.9 (11) | 0 |
7 | Davoren 2015 | Ireland | 287 | Medium | Cohort | 2010–2014 | 4 | Cox regression | 0.83(0.10^) (Males) 0.56(0.16^) (Females) | 34.9(10.5) | 16.7 |
8 | Dell 1987 | United Kingdom | 187 | High | Cross-sectional | 1972–1984 | 12 | Chi-squared | NS | NS | 0 |
9 | Duke 2018 | United Kingdom | 2287 | Medium and High | Cross-sectional | 2013 | NA | Logistic regression | 11.75(5.75,16)* (HS/LS) 3.67(1.75,5.92)* (HS/nLS) 4.25(1.67,6.5)* (MS/LS) 1.17(0.5,2.33)* (MS/nLS) | 45.43(9.67) (HS/LS) 36.15(9.72) (HS/nLS) 43.87(11.74) (MS/LS) 34.68(11.21) (MS/nLS) | 14.3 |
10 | Eckert 2017 | Netherlands | 139 | High | Cross-sectional | 2006–2013 | 7 | Logistic regression | 10.58(4.91) (LFPC) 8.32(4.69) (RFPC) | 52.97(8.09) (LFPC) 44.01(10.97) (RFPC) | 0 |
11 | Edwards 2002 | United Kingdom | 225 | Medium | Cohort | 1983–1996 | 13 | Linear regression Chi-squared | 2.17 | NS | 14.7 |
12 | Esan 2015 | United Kingdom | 138 | NS | Cross-sectional | NS | 6 | Mann-Whitney U | 3.62(3.02) (D/ASD) 3.76(2.69) (D/nASD) 4.18(4.30) (nD/ASD) 4.88(4.12) (nD/nASD) | 30.14(9.14) (ASD) 30.56(9.38) (No ASD) | 21 |
13 | Gosek 2020 | Poland | 150 | Medium | Cross-sectional | 2014–2018 | 4 | Mann-Whitney U Kruskal-Wallis Linear regression | 3.26(3.54) | 40.07(12.99) | 18 |
14 | Green 1998 | Australia | 586 | NS | Cross-sectional | 1989–1995 | 6 | Cox regression | 0.40(0.75) (Males) 0.41(0.49) (Females) | 30.6(10.2) | 11.7 |
15 | Griffiths 2018 | United Kingdom | 347 | Low and Medium | Cross-sectional | 2007–2015 | 8 | t-test | 2.56(1.65) (Non-secluded) 2.79(1.90) (Secluded) | 35.2(12.8) (Non-secluded) 30.8(10.7) (Secluded) | 35 |
16 | Hillbrand 1996 | United States | 53 | High (maximum) | Cross-sectional | 1989–1990 | 1 | t-test | 0.93(1.44) (ISIB) 2.34(1.23) (RSIB) | 30.0 (ISIB) 37.4 (RSIB) | 0 |
17 | Long 2012 | United Kingdom | 70 | Medium | Cross-sectional | 2002–2010 | 8 | Chi-squared Log-linear analysis | 1.63(0.69) | 30.4(7.6) | 100 |
18 | McKenna 2019 | United Kingdom | 194 | High | Cross-sectional | 2017 | NA | Mann-Whitney U | 5.54 | 37.35 | 0 |
19 | Messina 2011 | United States | 1915 | High (maximum) | Cross-sectional | 2003–2010 | 7 | Cox regression | 0.53 | 40 | NS |
20 | Moran 1999 | United States | 101 | High (maximum) | Cross-sectional | NS | 5 | Linear regression | NS | 32.42(9.8) (Males) 36.14(9.4) (Females) | 13.9 |
21 | Moulden 2020 | Canada | 14 | NS | Cross-sectional | 2009–2011 | 2 | NS | 3.24 | 36.36(12.47) | 35.7 |
22 | Pà v 2022 | Czechia | 260 | NS | Cross-sectional | 2015–2020 | 5 | Linear regression | 1.36(1.91) | 42.26(12.79)** | 12.7 |
23 | Rodenhauser 1988 | United States | 376 | High (maximum) | Cross-sectional | 1980–1984 | 4 | ANOVA | 0.42(0.45) | NS | NS |
24 | Ross 2012 | Germany | 899 | NS | Cross-sectional | NS | NS | t-test Chi-squared Mann-Whitney U | 5.77(5.61) | NS | 26.6 |
25 | Shah 2011 | United Kingdom | 259 | Medium | Cross-sectional | 1999–2008 | 10 | Logistic regression | 2.05(2.94) | 30.9(8.6) | 9.7 |
26 | Smith 2004 | United Kingdom | 34 | Low | Cohort | 1991–2003 | 12 | Linear regression | 5.5(5.8) | 40.5 (Special) 36.8 (Control) | 0 |
27 | Verstegen 2017 | Netherlands | 503 | NS | Cross-sectional | 2008–2014 | 6 years | t-test | 1.42(1.40) (Violent group) 0.67(0.88) (Non-violent group) | 37.2(10.2) | 19.3 |
28 | Wint 1994 | United Kingdom | 43 | High | Case-control | NS | NS | Chi-squared | NS | 29.9(8.73) (long stay group) 30.26(6.98) (short stay) | 0 |