Table 3 Costs after COVID-19 based on health insurance claims data from 2021 (mean ± SD in €)

Total healthcare costs

  ≤ 19

 20–39

 40–59

  ≥ 60

3123 ± 8475^a

1351 ± 3319^a

2310 ± 6998^a

3243 ± 9432^a

5725 ± 10491^a

4211 ± 11532^{a, c}

1940 ± 7624^{a, c}

2587 ± 9594^{a, c}

4778 ± 13166^{a, c}

7763 ± 11999^{a, c}

3449 ± 8219^a

1862 ± 4679^a

2482 ± 6389^a

3400 ± 7031^a

6753 ± 14208^a

6153 ± 10596^{a, b, c}

1557 ± 1228^{a, b}

3598 ± 5570^{a, b, c}

6747 ± 11918^{a, b, c}

9194 ± 11160^{a, b, c}

3072 ± 8513^a

1297 ± 3143^{a, c}

2280 ± 7099^a

3216 ± 9789^a

5591 ± 9911^a

3911 ± 11642^{a, b, c}

1961 ± 7826^{a, c}

2478 ± 9925^{a, c}

4319 ± 13403^{a, c}

7560 ± 12109^{a, c}

Hospital costs

  ≤ 19

 20–39

 40–59

 ≥ 60

907 ± 4358^a

310 ± 1988^c

779 ± 4569

812 ± 4097^a

1878 ± 5786^a

1494 ± 7072^{a, c}

356 ± 2244

681 ± 3705

1673 ± 9050^{a, c}

3560 ± 8071^{a, c}

947 ± 4316^a

698 ± 3878

804 ± 4469^a

766 ± 3510^a

1994 ± 6165^a

2385 ± 7386^{a, b, c}

382 ± 878^b

1244 ± 3848^{a, b, c}

2568 ± 8529^{a, b, c}

4074 ± 7248^{a, c}

901 ± 4366^a

269 ± 1671

775 ± 4588

820 ± 4191^a

1863 ± 5740^a

1356 ± 7014^{a, b, c}

354 ± 2296

620 ± 3686

1464 ± 9157^{a, c}

3487 ± 8185^{a, c}

Costs of outpatient med. care

  ≤ 19

 20–39

 40–59

  ≥ 60

627 ± 893^a

397 ± 726^a

519 ± 771^a

655 ± 907^a

938 ± 1073^a

757 ± 913^{a, c}

506 ± 670^{a, c}

601 ± 721^{a, c}

808 ± 952^{a, c}

1135 ± 1150^{a, c}

710 ± 1017^a

410 ± 456^a

596 ± 844^a

739 ± 1098^a

1075 ± 1250^a

1074 ± 1057^{a, b, c}

641 ± 454^{a, b, c}

876 ± 730^{a, b, c}

1100 ± 968^{a, b, c}

1420 ± 1699^{a, b, c}

614 ± 872^a

395 ± 749^{a, c}

506 ± 758^a

640 ± 870^a

920 ± 1048^a

708 ± 878^{a, b, c}

499 ± 679^{a, c}

572 ± 714^{a, c}

740 ± 935^{a, c}

1095 ± 1046^a

Drug costs

  ≤ 19

 20–39

 40–59

  ≥ 60

491 ± 2460^a

111 ± 803^{a, c}

234 ± 1468

559 ± 2485^a

1080 ± 4045

717 ± 5082^{a, c}

412 ± 5001^a

610 ± 6530^c

749 ± 4420^{a, c}

1103 ± 3367

555 ± 2905^a

84 ± 215^a

172 ± 757^a

610 ± 2768^a

1515 ± 5680

480 ± 1519^{a, b, c}

129 ± 209^{a, b}

286 ± 1289^{a, b, c}

483 ± 1589^{a, b, c}

886 ± 1731

481 ± 2384^a

114 ± 842^{a, c}

245 ± 1557

551 ± 2433^a

1023 ± 3782

754 ± 5427^{a, b}

427 ± 5136^a

645 ± 6857

811 ± 4847^{a, c}

1133 ± 3538

Costs of sick pay

  ≤ 19

 20–39

 40–59

  ≥ 60

297 ± 1847^a

1 ± 30

269 ± 1825^a

379 ± 1852^a

402 ± 2532

397 ± 2200^{a, c}

2 ± 47

204 ± 1523^{a, c}

703 ± 2943^{a, c}

278 ± 1730

432 ± 2207^a

0 ± 0

388 ± 2102^a

537 ± 2127^a

506 ± 3236

1276 ± 3888^{a, b, c}

39 ± 205^b

604 ± 2247^{a, b, c}

1756 ± 4644^{a, b, c}

729 ± 2549^b

276 ± 1784

1 ± 32

248 ± 1774

351 ± 1780

388 ± 2428

262 ± 1767^{b, c}

0 ± 6

161 ± 1419^c

457 ± 2311^c

214 ± 1573

Other healthcare costs

  ≤ 19

 20–39

 40–59

  ≥ 60

801 ± 4341^{a, c}

531 ± 1532

508 ± 1424

838 ± 6057^c

1428 ± 4015^a

846 ± 3172^{a, c}

664 ± 4542

491 ± 1968

846 ± 3222^c

1687 ± 3303^a

805 ± 2503^a

670 ± 1292

521 ± 1377

749 ± 1740^a

1664 ± 5325^a

938 ± 2073^{a, b, c}

367 ± 401

587 ± 1198^{b, c}

840 ± 1354^{a, b, c}

2085 ± 4359^a

800 ± 4559^c

517 ± 1556

506 ± 1433

854 ± 6520^c

1397 ± 3816^a

831 ± 3309^b

680 ± 4664

480 ± 2034

847 ± 3518^c

1631 ± 3126^a