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Table 2 Further measures of location and dispersion – healthcare costs pre- and post-COVID-19 based on health insurance claims data from 2020 and 2021 (shown values: median (range) a in €)

From: COVID-19-associated costs and mortality in Germany: an incidence-based analysis from a payer’s perspective

 

CG 1

n = 4007

IG 1

n = 4007

CG 2

n = 536

IG 2

n = 536

CG 3

n = 3471

IG 3

sn = 3471

2020 (t0)

Total healthcare costs

806 (-4142279465)

820 (0214806)

961 (0–125284)

1029 (0–55495)

790 (-4142–279465)

779 (0–214806)

 Hospital costs

0 (-102–112939)

0 (-264–131337)

0 (0–87902)

0 (0–21345)

0 (-102–112939)

0 (-264–131337)

 Costs of outpatient med. care

348 (0–16411)

360 (0–8345)

398 (0–s16411)

493 (0–8203)

340 (0–13956)

345 (0–8345)

 Drug costs

36 (-46–52002)

38 (-1–130146)

40 (0–52002)

57 (0–46474)

36 (-46–42329)

35 (-1–130146)

 Costs of sick pay

0 (-5589–26001)

0 (-1169–30741)

0 (0–24373)

0 (0–30741)

0 (-5589–26001)

0 (-1169–26015)

 Other healthcare costs

153 (-12–238344)

167 (0–212903)

181 (0–39418)

205 (0–30676)

150 (-12–238344)

163 (0–212903)

2021 (t1)

Total healthcare costs

811 (0255982)

1037 (14272368)

888 (0–85724)

2146 (118–111845)

804 (118–255982)

946 (14–272368)

 Hospital costs

0 (0–91893)

0 (0–233180)

0 (0–53149)

0 (0–102705)

0 (0–91893)

0 (0–233180)

 Costs of outpatient med. care

348 (0–10337)

491 (0–16119)

376 (0–10337)

775 (103–10812)

345 (103–10053)

456 (0–16119)

 Drug costs

36 (0–63880)

43 (0–170868)

41 (0–47751)

100 (0–17230)

35 (0–63880)

37 (0–170868)

 Costs of sick pay

0 (0–30593)

0 (-677–34364)

0 (0–27693)

0 (-677–30169)

0 (-677–30593)

0 (0–34364)

 Other healthcare costs

166 (0–232015)

180 (0–103439)

165 (0–40697)

334 (0–32889)

166 (0–232015)

165 (0–103439)

  1. Abbreviations: CG 1–3 Control group to IG 1–3, IG 1 Investigation group in total, IG 2 Investigation group including Post-COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS) patients only, IG 3 Investigation group excluding PCS patients, n sample size
  2. aIn a few cases, the minima were negative. This is for accounting reasons. There are occasional refunds of amounts that have been paid in excess by the health insurance company. If the refund is made in a different year than the payment, there may be negative costs in the respective cost areas, namely if the refund amount is higher than the costs incurred in the billing year