Table 1 Sample characteristics based on health insurance claims data from 2020 after PSM (shown values: mean ± SD in case of metric data respectively n (%) in case of categorial data; costs are shown in €)

Age (years)

  ≤ 19

 20–39

 40–59

  ≥ 60

42.0 ± 18.8

588 (14.7)

1096 (27.4)

1657 (41.4)

666 (16.6)

41.8 ± 18.6

536 (13.4)

1178 (29.4)

1680 (41.9)

613 (15.3)

42.4 ± 17.0^a

56 (10.4)^a

159 (29.7)^a

244 (45.5)^a

77 (14.4)

46.9 ± 14.6^{a, b}

28 (5.2)^{a, b}

114 (21.3)^{a, b}

318 (59.3)^{a, b}

76 (14.2)

42.0 ± 19.1

532 (15.3)

937 (27.0)^a

1413 (40.7)

589 (17.0)

41.0 ± 19.0^b

508 (14.6)^b

1064 (30.7)^{a, b}

1362 (39.2)^b

537 (15.5)

Gender (f / m in %)

53.6 / 46.4

52.7 / 47.3

57.3 / 42.7

56.3 / 43.7

53.1 / 46.9

52.1 / 47.9

Total healthcare costs

 Hospital costs

 Costs of outpatient med. care

 Drug costs

 Costs of sick pay

 Other healthcare costs

2978 ± 8558

927 ± 4457

622 ± 922

452 ± 2296

251 ± 1690

726 ± 4296

3003 ± 8647

839 ± 4248

617 ± 808

544 ± 3514

239 ± 1716

764 ± 4144

3688 ± 9733

1281 ± 5784

714 ± 1166^a

568 ± 3291^a

348 ± 2034

777 ± 2392

3150 ± 6253^b

728 ± 2405

792 ± 1008^{a, b}

487 ± 2519^{a, b}

485 ± 2675^b

656 ± 1782^b

2868 ± 8359

872 ± 4214

608 ± 878

435 ± 2101

236 ± 1630

718 ± 4519

2980 ± 8960^b

856 ± 4465

590 ± 769^b

553 ± 3644^b

201 ± 1511^b

781 ± 4398^b

Top-15 Diagnoses

 Essential Hypertension (I10)

 Lipidemia (E78)

 Back pain (M54)

 Type 2 diabetes (E11)

 Other non-toxic goiter (E04)

 Chronic ischemic heart disease (I25)

 Obesity (E66)

 Depressive episode (F32)

 Other diseases of the liver (K76)

 Gastroesophageal Reflux (K21)

 Gastritis and duodenitis (K29)

 Acute infect. in upper resp. tract (J06)

 Other COPD (J44)

 Varices of the lower extremities (I83)

 Bronchial asthma (J45)

982 (24.5)

666 (16.6)

1235 (30.8)

342 (8.5)

380 (9.5)

166 (4.1)

493 (12.3)

512 (12.8)

234 (5.8)

362 (9.0)

349 (8.7)

1057 (26.4)

159 (4.0)

250 (6.2)

394 (9.8)

1009 (25.2)

667 (16.6)

1238 (30.9)

322 (8.0)

338 (8.4)

194 (4.8)

510 (12.7)

497 (12.4)

237 (5.9)

357 (8.9)

325 (8.1)

1024 (25.6)

165 (4.1)

249 (6.2)

388 (9.7)

134 (25.0)^a

87 (16.2)^a

172 (32.1)^a

37 (6.9)

57 (10.6)

20 (3.7)

66 (12.3)

75 (14.0)^a

35 (6.5)

56 (10.4)

54 (10.1)

172 (32.1)

22 (4.1)

45 (8.4)

62 (11.6)

173 (32.3)^{a, b}

130 (24.3)^{a, b}

206 (38.4)^{a, b}

46 (8.6)

64 (11.9)^b

31 (5.8)

83 (15.5)^b

102 (19.0)^{a, b}

44 (8.2)^b

72 (13.4)^b

58 (10.8)

151 (28.2)

27 (5.0)

38 (7.1)

72 (13.4)^b

848 (24.4)

579 (16.7)

1063 (30.6)

305 (8.8)

323 (9.3)

146 (4.2)

427 (12.3)

437 (12.6)

199 (5.7)

306 (8.8)

295 (8.5)

885 (25.5)

137 (3.9)

205 (5.9)

332 (9.6)

836 (24.1)^b

537 (15.5)^b

1032 (29.7)^b

276 (8.0)

274 (7.9)^b

163 (4.7)

427 (12.3)^b

395 (11.4)^b

193 (5.6)^b

285 (8.2)^b

294 (8.5)

873 (25.2)

138 (4.0)

211 (6.1)

316 (9.1)^b