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Table 1 Characteristics of Studies (total 144 articles)

From: Quality improvement in public–private partnerships in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review

Regiona

N (%)

 Africa

104 (72.2%)

 Asia

18 (12.5%)

 Latin America

9 (6.3%)

 Middle East

1 (0.7%)

 LMIC generally

18 (12.5%)

 Single Country

97 (67.4%)

 Multiple Countries

29 (20.1%)

Health Focusb

N (%)

 Maternal and Child Health

63 (43.8%)

 General Healthcare and Primary Care

41 (28.5%)

 HIV/AIDS

25 (17.4%)

 Other Infectious Disease

8 (5.6%)

 Nutrition

4 (2.8%)

 Other

11 (7.7%)

Partnerships

N (%)

 International Governmental and Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)

104 (72.2%)

 Local or National Government and Ministries of Health

80 (55.6%)

 Local NGOs

47 (32.6%)

 Other Community Partnership

43 (29.9%)

QI Frameworks and Methodsc

N (%)

 Collaborative QI (including IHI Breakthrough Series)

53 (36.8%)

 QI without defined framework

38 (26.4%)

 Model for Improvement

6 (4.2%)

 PDSA Cycles

57 (39.6%)

QI Coaching

29 (20.1%)

 Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI)

11 (7.7%)

 Monitoring/Quality Assurance

15 (10.4%)

 Other

10 (6.9%)

Research Methods

N (%)

 Observational Study

90 (62.5%)

 Review or Editorial

26 (18.1%)

 Randomized Trial

11 (7.7%)

 Qualitative (Interviews & Focus Groups)

11 (7.7%)

 Cost-Effectiveness

6 (4.2%)

  1. Africa: Burundi (n = 1), Côte d'Ivoire (n = 1), Democratic Republic of Congo (n = 3), Ethiopia (n = 16), Ghana (n = 17), Kenya (n = 17), Lesotho (n = 3), Malawi (n = 6), Mozambique (n = 12), Namibia (n = 1), Niger (n = 1), Nigeria (n = 9), Rwanda (n = 15), Senegal (n = 1), Sierra Leone (n = 1), South Africa (n = 12), Tanzania (n = 25), Uganda (n = 16), Zambia (n = 13), Zimbabwe (n = 1)
  2. Asia: Afghanistan (n = 1), Bangladesh (n = 6), Cambodia (n = 2), India (n = 8), Indonesia (n = 1), Laos (n = 1), Malaysia (n = 1), Myanmar (n = 2), Nepal (n = 3), Pakistan (n = 2), Taiwan (n = 1), Thailand (n = 1), Vietnam (n = 2)
  3. Latin America: Bolivia (n = 1), Brazil (n = 1), Dominican Republic (n = 1), Ecuador (n = 1), Guatemala (n = 3), Haiti (n = 1), Nicaragua (n = 1)
  4. Middle East: Jordan (n = 1), Lebanon (n = 1)
  5. Maternal and Child: antenatal care, childhood health, childbirth, contraception, family planning, maternal, neonatal, newborn, perinatal, neonatal, obstetrics, and reproductive health
  6. Other Infectious Disease: malaria, tuberculosis, polio, and general immunization
  7. Other: blood transfusion, burn services, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, critical care, hospital-associated infections, lymphatic filariasis, mental health, palliative care, surgery, supply chain management
  8. PDSA Plan-Do-Study-Act, IHI Institute for Healthcare Improvement
  9. aPercentages do not add to 100% because some studies were across multiple regions (e.g., Africa and Asia)
  10. bPercentages do not add to 100% because of some overlap (e.g., maternal HIV)
  11. cPercentages do not add to 100% because of some overlap (e.g., PDSA cycles included in model for improvement)
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BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

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