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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants

From: Patterns and determinants of healthcare utilization and medication use before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and India

Characteristics

Afghanistan†

n = 3836

Bangladesh‡

n = 200

India***

n = 990

 

Percentage (95% CI)/

Median (IQR)

Percentage (95% CI)/

Median (IQR)

Percentage (95% CI)/

Median (IQR)

Predisposing factors

Age*

   

Less than 26 years

77.7 (76.3, 79.0)

64.1 (57.1, 70.6)

68.8 (65.8, 71.6)

26 years and above

22.3 (21.0, 23.7)

35.9 (29.4, 42.9)

31.2 (28.3, 34.2)

Gender*

Male

86.3 (85.1, 87.5)

92.0 (87.0, 95.2)

74.1 (71.2, 76.8)

Female

13.7 (12.5, 14.8)

8.0 (4.8, 12.7)

25.9 (23.2, 28.8)

Education*

Less than tertiary education

56.0 (54.3, 57.5)

29.4 (23.3, 36.3)

37.8 (34.8, 40.9)

Tertiary education or more

44.0 (42.2, 45.6)

70.6 (63.7, 76.6)

62.2 (59.0, 65.2)

Household size*

   

Large household

48.9 (47.2, 50.5)

42.7 (36.0, 49.7)

31.8 (28.9, 34.8)

Small household

51.1 (49.4, 52.7)

57.3 (50.2, 63.9)

68.2 (65.2, 71.0)

Enabling/Disabling factors

Residence*

Rural

34.4 (32.9, 35.9)

37.5 (31.0, 44.4)

41.9 (38.8, 45.0)

Urban

65.6 (64.0, 67.1)

62.5 (55.6, 69.0)

58.1 (55.0, 61.2)

Financial situation*

Poor financial situation

66.9 (65.3, 68.4)

68.8 (61.9, 74.8)

45.5 (42.4, 48.6)

Better financial situation

33.1 (31.6, 34.6)

31.2 (25.1, 38.0)

54.5 (51.3, 57.6)

Income generating activity during ‘Pre-COVID phase’ *

No

49.1 (47.4, 50.6)

35.7 (29.4, 42.6)

47.9 (44.8, 51.0)

Yes

50.9 (49.3, 52.5)

64.3 (57.3, 70.6)

52.1 (48.9, 55.2)

Income generating activity during ‘Initial phase of COVID-19 outbreak’ *

No

36.4 (34.8, 37.9)

48.0 (41.0, 54.9)

42.8 (39.7, 45.9)

Yes

63.6 (62.0, 65.1)

52.0 (45.0, 58.9)

57.2 (54.0, 60.2)

Average income (USD) in a month during ‘Pre-COVID phase’*

13.8 (84.4)

71.8 (165.2)

142.0 (345.4)

Average income (USD) in a month during ‘Initial phase of COVID-19 outbreak’ *

11.5 (78.9)

48.0 (116.5)

67.3 (238.5)

Need for care factors

Need assistance in managing NCDs during ‘Pre-COVID phase’ *

Yes

75.5 (73.8, 76.9)

68.1 (60.1, 75.2)

67.9 (63.9, 71.6)

No

24.5 (23.0, 26.1)

31.9 (24.8, 39.9)

32.1 (28.4, 36.1)

Need assistance in managing NCDs with during ‘Initial phase of COVID-19 outbreak’ *

Yes

74.9 (73.3, 76.5)

67.5 (59.3, 74.8)

68.6 (64.4, 72.4)

No

25.1 (23.5, 26.7)

32.5 (25.2, 40.7)

31.4 (27.5, 35.5)

  1. † Number of missing values for Afghanistan: Gender = 144, Age = 12, Household size = 192, Education = 64
  2. ‡ Number of missing values for Bangladesh: Gender = 2, Education = 4
  3. *** Number of missing values for India: Gender = 15, Household size = 1, Education = 13
  4. *All analyses were weighted. All the variables are significantly different (p value < 0.05)
  5. Note: Comparisons across three countries were conducted using Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables
  6. Abbreviations: CI, Confidence Interval; IQR, Interquartile Range; USD, United States Dollar; NCDs, Non-communicable diseases
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BMC Health Services Research

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