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Table 4 Factors associated with having a pap test during the last pelvic exam for women above 21 years

From: Equity and unmet need of non-communicable diseases services in Saudi Arabia using a National Household Survey (2019)

Characteristic

ORa

95% CIa

p-value

Age categories

 18-24 years

—

—

 

 25-34 years

0.68

0.39, 1.16

0.2

 35-44 years

0.52

0.29, 0.93

0.028

 45-54 years

1.24

0.66, 2.34

0.5

 55-64 years

0.34

0.13, 0.90

0.029

 +65 years

0.11

0.03, 0.42

0.001

Marital status

 Currently married

—

—

 

 Currently married

—

—

 

 Separated/ Divorced

1.08

0.65, 1.79

0.8

 Widowed

3.11

1.59, 6.06

<0.001

Education level

 No formal education

—

—

 

 Less than secondary

2.30

0.71, 7.45

0.2

 Secondary

4.25

1.20, 15.0

0.025

 More than secondary

5.07

1.42, 18.1

0.012

Employment

 Yes

—

—

 

 No

1.03

0.71, 1.49

0.9

Nationality

 Saudi

—

—

 

 Non-Saudi

1.25

0.67, 2.31

0.5

Household Wealth index b

 Lowest quintile

—

—

 

 Second quintile

1.60

0.96, 2.65

0.071

 Middle quintile

1.13

0.66, 1.95

0.7

 Fourth quintile

1.50

0.88, 2.56

0.14

 Highest quintile

1.92

1.08, 3.40

0.026

Household Income categories

 Low income

—

—

 

 Lower-middle income

1.09

0.62, 1.91

0.8

 Middle income

1.99

1.09, 3.64

0.026

 Upper-middle income

3.47

2.05, 5.87

<0.001

 High income

2.59

1.46, 4.57

0.001

Region

 Central

—

—

 

 Eastern

0.60

0.35, 1.03

0.065

 Western

0.83

0.50, 1.36

0.5

 Southern

0.24

0.13, 0.43

<0.001

 Northern

0.70

0.37, 1.33

0.3

Type of place of residence

 Urban

—

—

 

 Rural

2.07

1.33, 3.22

0.001

Eligibility for free government services

 Yes

—

—

 

 No

1.79

0.85, 3.76

0.13

Health insurance coverage

 Yes

—

—

 

 No

0.97

0.61, 1.54

0.9

Subjective health care need

 Yes

—

—

 

 No

0.55

0.39, 0.79

0.001

  1. aOR Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval
  2. bComposite measure calculated using data about ownership of consumer material such television and cars, household characteristics such as building material, source of drinking water, toilet facilities and other characteristics relevant to wealth status