Factors influencing inequality in government health expenditures within African regional economic communities

Ngepah, Nicholas; Mouteyica, Ariane Ephemia Ndzignat

doi:10.1186/s12913-024-10783-w

BMC Health Services Research

Table 5 Multilevel linear mixed effect results

From: Factors influencing inequality in government health expenditures within African regional economic communities

	General Government health expenditure as a percentage of the general government expenditure model			Domestic general government health expenditure per capita model
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(1)	(2)	(3)
	MLM effect model	Fixed effect model	Pooled regression model	MLM effect model	Fixed effect model	Pooled regression model
Variable	robust	robust	robust	robust	robust	robust
Log GDP per capita	-0.038	-0.005	-0.058^a	-0.077^c	-0.005	-0.058^a
Log GDP per capita	(0.043)	(0.074)	(0.019)	(0.043)	(0.074)	(0.019)
Log POP above 65	0.073	-0.015	0.367^a	0.082	-0.015	0.367^a
Log POP above 65	(0.083)	(0.100)	(0.062)	(0.085)	(0.100)	(0.062)
Log POP below 15	0.047	0.036	0.510^a	-0.076	0.036	0.510^a
Log POP below 15	(0.163)	(0.192)	(0.134)	(0.166)	(0.192)	(0.134)
Log urban population	0.198^a	0.062	0.137^a	0.050	0.062	0.137^a
Log urban population	(0.061)	(0.126)	(0.026)	(0.061)	(0.126)	(0.026)
Log poverty	0.023^a	0.021^a	0.018^b	0.005	0.021^a	0.018^b
Log poverty	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)
Log HIV	-0.004	-0.004	-0.008^a	-0.003	-0.004	-0.008^a
Log HIV	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)
Log external health exp. cap	-0.000	-0.000	-0.009	0.017^c	-0.000	-0.009
Log external health exp. cap	(0.009)	(0.010)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.010)	(0.009)
Log life expectancy	0.244	0.413^b	-0.189	0.346^b	0.413^b	-0.189
Log life expectancy	(0.165)	(0.207)	(0.124)	(0.168)	(0.207)	(0.124)
Log Non-communicable disease	0.032	-0.066	0.110^b	0.113	-0.066	0.110^b
Log Non-communicable disease	(0.090)	(0.115)	(0.050)	(0.091)	(0.115)	(0.050)
Log governance	0.028	0.005	0.016	-0.032	0.005	0.016
Log governance	(0.029)	(0.035)	(0.019)	(0.030)	(0.035)	(0.019)
Log Information and communication technologies	-0.038^a	-0.045^a	-0.006	0.003	-0.045^a	-0.006
Log Information and communication technologies	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.008)
Log trade	-0.083^a	-0.116^a	0.039^b	-0.045^b	-0.116^a	0.039^b
Log trade	(0.019)	(0.021)	(0.017)	(0.019)	(0.021)	(0.017)
Log Foreign Direct Investment	0.009	0.010^c	-0.005	0.004	0.010^c	-0.005
Log Foreign Direct Investment	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)
Log debt services	0.009	0.006	0.028^a	0.004	0.006	0.028^a
Log debt services	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.009)
Constant	-2.973^a	-2.824^b	-3.579^a	-1.456	-2.824^b	-3.579^a
Constant	(1.136)	(1.296)	(0.965)	(1.160)	(1.296)	(0.965)
Observations	1,394	1,394	1,394	1,394	1,394	1,394
R-squared			0.146			0.146
Prob > F		0.0000			0.0000
Prob > chibar2	0.0000			0.0000
Prob >Chi2	0.0000			0.0000

^a, ^b, and ^c symbolizes significance at 1 percent, 5 percent, and 10 percent, respectively. The standard errors are in parentheses. Source: Authors' computation. Data retrieved from the World Development Indicators and the World Governance Indicators

Back to article page

ISSN: 1472-6963

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com