Table 2 Descriptive characteristics of the sample and the dependent and independent variables

Homecare agencies

88

Ownership

0

  non-profit

62 (70.5)

  for-profit

26 (29.5)

Urbanicity

0

  Rural

39 (44.3)

  Suburban

32 (36.4)

  Urban

17 (19.3)

Language region

0

  German

67 (76.1)

  French

14 (15.9)

  Italian

7 (8.0)

Size

 Number of full-time equivalents (FTE)

45.6 (57.5)

0

 Total number of clients in 2020

557.2 (734.7)

3 (3.4)

 Hours of care provided in 2020

41,404 (42582.3)

2 (2.3)

Independent variables measured on agency level

Coordination Process

Explicit coordination mechanism:

Programming

 Presence of standards / guidelines (index 0–5)

3.8 (1.2)

0

 Case responsible/managers (index 0–3)

1.9 (0.8)

 Exchange vessels (index 0–3)

2.5 ()

 Electronic data sharing possibilities with physicians (yes)

22 (25.0)

0

Implicit coordination mechanism:

Cognition

 Possibility for continuous education (index 0–3)

0.7 (0.9)

Agency characteristics

Obligation to serve all clients (yes)

58 (65.9)

0

Range of service

 Palliative Care (yes)

64 (72.7)

0

 Oncology care (yes)

18 (20.5)

0

 Psychiatric care (yes)

59 (67.0)

0

 24 h care service (yes)

26 (29.5)

0

 Continuous night care (yes)

28 (31.8)

0

Average hours of care billed per client in 2020

83.0 (62.3)

4 (4.5)

Workforce

 Percentage of RNs or higher educational background

29.7 (13.8)

9 (10.2)

External factors

Financial regulatory mechanisms

 Reimbursement regulations of residual financing

7 (8.0)

  Effective full costs

22 (27.2)

  Agency-specific and predefined costs

27 (33.3)

  Standard costs, standard deficits, or maximum limits

29 (35.8)

  others (e.g., compensation via a global budget)

3 (3.4)

 Client co-payment

0

  No patient co-payment

18 (20.5)

  Co-payment of a maximum of CHF 7.65 a day

34 (38.6)

  Up to 20% of the HI contribution and upper limit of CHF 15.35/day

29 (33.0)

  Direct contribution up to the upper limit of a maximum of CHF 15.35/day

7 (8.0)

Employees

1784

Age

44.6 (12.1)

58 (3.3)

Gender

16 (0.9)

  Female

1625 (91.9)

  Male

140 (7.9)

  Non-binary

3 (0.2)

Educational background

13 (0.7)

  RNs with a Master or Bachelor degree or at least a 3-year education with diploma

1085 (61.3)

  Nursing and care staff with lower education in the nursing field

686 (38.7)

Language region

0

  German

1148 (64.3)

  French

549 (30.8)

  Italian

87 (4.9)

Independent variables measured on employee level

Coordination Process

Explicit coordination mechanism:

Communication

 Communication and information exchange (scale 1–7)

4.8 (1.3)

6 (0.3)

Implicit coordination mechanism:

Cognition

 Knowledge of the health system (scale 1–5)

3.7 (0.8)

14 (0.8)

 Role clarity (scale 0–4)

3.0 (0.7)

8 (0.4)

 Mutual respect and trust (scale 1–7)

5.3 (1.1)

6 (0.3)

 Accountability, predictability, common perspective (scale 1–5)

3.8 (0.7)

4 (0.2)

Agency characteristics

 Employment percentage (%)

70.0 (21.3)

31 (1.7)

 Experience in agency (in years)

6.5 (6.7)

89 (5.0)

 Perceived staffing (scale 1–4)

2.9 (0.7)

21 (1.2)

 Perceived workload (scale 1–20)

10.8 (2.7)

6 (0.3)

 Overtime (single item 0–4)

0.74 (0.44)

25 (1.4)

  At least once a week

1299 (73.8)

Dependent variable measured on employee level

Employee-perceived coordination (scale 0–4)

2.52 (0.61)

7 (< 0.01)