Table 1 Descriptive statistics of total population and stratified by type of neighborhood

Outcome variables

Moment of referral (%)

< 0.001*

 No referral

25.0

19.6

25.4

 During delivery or postpartum

28.7

25.7

29.0

 During pregnancy

35.0

41.2

34.5

 Start in secondary care

11.0

13.1

10.8

 Missing

0.3

0.4

0.3

Mode of delivery (%)

< 0.001*

 Natural delivery

78.3

77.2

78.4

 Assisted delivery

6.0

4.7

6.1

 Cesarean section

15.7

18.1

15.5

Preterm delivery (%)

0.11

 (Close to) term > 32 weeks

99.5

99.4

99.5

 Very preterm 26–32 weeks

0.4

0.4

0.4

 Extreme preterm < 26 weeks

0.1

0.2

0.1

Maternity care costs (median in € (IQR))

 Primary care

1624 (1187–1786)

1511 (1032–1886)

1625 (1195–1784)

< 0.001*

 Secondary care

3162 (2248–4895)

3530 (2391–5208)

3135 (2237–4863)

< 0.001*

 Integrated maternity care organizations

4945 (3887–6481)

4945 (3924–6316)

4938 (3882–6485)

0.56

 Postnatal maternity help

2202 (1606–2375)

1731 (1138–2375)

2216 (1672–2544)

< 0.001*

 Total maternity care

6617 (5304–7946)

6700 (5459–8137)

6612 (5287–7929)

< 0.001*

Case-mix variables

Age

< 0.001*

 Mean in years (sd)

30.7 (4.7)

30.1 (5.4)

30.7 (4.6)

Healthcare costs 2017

< 0.001*

 Median in € (IQR)

612 (172–2999)

773 (229–3196)

599 (168–2981)

Population density (%)

< 0.001*

 Very strongly urbanized

22.4

49.6

20.1

 Strongly urbanized

21.0

25.9

20.6

 Moderate urbanized

15.6

7.8

16.2

 Hardly urbanized

14.8

2.3

15.9

 Not urbanized

12.0

0.5

12.9

 Missing

14.2

13.9

14.9