Table 2 Multiple logistic regression analyses of predisposing, enabling, and need factors associated with client perceptions of provider awareness of traditional and cultural treatments among Indigenous people who use unregulated drugs (n = 507) in Vancouver, Canada, from December 2017 to March 2020

Pre-disposing factors

 Age^a

  36–45 vs. 25–35

0.9 (0.5, 1.6)

0.67

0.8 (0.5, 1.4)

0.47

  46–55 vs. 25–35

1.2 (0.7, 2.0)

0.60

1.0 (0.6, 1.8)

0.92

  >55 vs. 25–35

1.0 (0.5, 1.7)

0.86

0.8 (0.4, 1.5)

0.47

 Self-identified gender^a

  Man vs. woman

1.2 (0.9, 1.7)

0.22

1.2 (0.9, 1.7)

0.23

Unstable housing/homelessness^a (yes vs. no)

1.2 (0.9, 1.6)

0.32

1.2 (0.9, 1.8)

0.24

  DTES residence^a (yes vs. no)

1.0 (0.8, 1.4)

0.80

1.0 (0.7, 1.5)

0.95

Enabling factors

 Patient involvement in treatment decisions^a

  Always vs. never

5.1 (2.4, 10.8)

<0.0001

3.6 (1.6, 7.8)

0.002

  Most or some of the time vs. never

4.0 (1.7, 9.0)

0.001

3.3 (1.4, 7.7)

0.01

Comfort with provider or clinic^a (yes vs. no)

3.7 (2.1, 6.6)

<0.0001

2.7 (1.5, 5.0)

0.002

  Received healthcare in one place^a (yes vs. no)

1.3 (0.8, 2.0)

0.30

0.9 (0.6, 1.6)

0.80

 Provider type^a

  Social support worker vs. clinician

1.5 (1.1, 2.2)

0.01

1.5 (1.0, 2.1)

0.03

Need factors

 Chronic pain^a (yes vs. no)

1.0 (0.8, 1.4)

0.87

1.2 (0.8, 1.6)

0.36

 Mental health^a (yes vs. no)

0.8 (0.6, 1.1)

0.21

0.9 (0.6, 1.3)

0.52

 Barriers to care^a (yes vs. no)

  Delayed care due to poor treatment

0.6 (0.4, 0.9)

0.01

0.7 (0.5, 1.1)

0.15

  Delayed treatment due to racism

0.8 (0.4, 1.3)

0.27

1.4 (0.8, 2.5)

0.29

  Refused healthcare due to drug use

0.6 (0.4, 0.9)

0.01

0.7 (0.4, 1.1)

0.15

Survey round

 Follow-up 1 vs. baseline

1.6 (1.1, 2.3)

0.01

1.6 (1.1, 2.3)

0.01

 Follow-up 2 vs. baseline

1.2 (0.8, 1.7)

0.43

1.1 (0.7, 1.5)

0.78

 Follow-up 3 vs. baseline

1.3 (0.8, 2.0)

0.24

1.2 (0.8, 1.9)

0.38

 Follow-up 4 vs. baseline

3.0 (1.2, 7.2)

0.02

2.5 (1.0, 6.1)

0.05