Table 1 Baseline predisposing, enabling, and need factors stratified by client perceptions of provider awareness of traditional and cultural treatments among Indigenous people who use unregulated drugs (n = 507) in Vancouver, Canada, from December 2017 to March 2020

Pre-disposing factors

 Age^a

  25 – 35

25 (4.9)

44 (8.7)

69 (13.6)

  35 – 45

69 (13.6)

75 (14.8)

144 (28.4)

  45 – 55

76 (15.0)

104 (20.5)

180 (35.5)

  >55

52 (10.3)

62 (12.2)

114 (22.5)

 Self-identified gender^a

  Woman

120 (23.7)

132 (26.0)

252 (49.7)

  Man

96 (18.9)

138 (27.2)

234 (46.2)

  Gender minorities^b

4 (0.8)

10 (2.0)

14 (2.8)

Unstable housing/homelessness^a

143 (28.2)

191 (37.7)

334 (65.9)

  DTES residence^a

153 (30.2)

196 (38.7)

349 (68.8)

Enabling factors

 Patient involvement in treatment decisions^a

  Always

89 (17.6)

138 (27.2)

227 (44.8)

  Most or some of the time

28 (5.5)

28 (5.5)

56 (11.0)

  Never

20 (3.9)

5 (1.0)

25 (4.9)

Comfort with provider or clinic^a

190 (37.5)

260 (51.3)

450 (88.8)

  Received healthcare in one place^a

179 (35.3)

235 (46.4)

414 (81.7)

 Provider type^a

  Clinician

177 (34.9)

209 (41.2)

386 (76.1)

  Social support worker

45 (8.9)

76 (15.0)

121 (23.9)

Need factors

 Chronic pain^a

127 (25.0)

172 (33.9)

299 (59.0)

 Mental health^a

78 (15.4)

85 (16.8)

163 (32.1)

 Barriers to care^a

  Delayed care due to poor treatment

56 (11.0)

59 (11.6)

115 (22.7)

  Delayed treatment due to racism

27 (5.3)

29 (5.7)

56 (11.0)

  Refused healthcare due to drug use

45 (8.9)

39 (7.7)

84 (16.6)

 Parent cohort

  VIDUS

123 (55.4)

155 (54.4)

278 (54.8)

  ACCESS

99 (44.6)

130 (45.6)

229 (45.2)