Table 2 Included documents

Afilalo [31]

Review article

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Cardiac disease

Different types

Not defined

Not defined

Agasi-Idenburg et al. [32] & Agasi-Idenburg et al. [33]

Study article (qualitative study)

Netherlands

April 1, 2017 – May 1, 2018

37

15 patients, 13 informal caregivers, 9 healthcare professionals

Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer surgery

comorbidity (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Diabetes Mellitus), chemotherapy in the last half year, severe osteoarthrosis, heart failure, or other recent surgery limiting functional capacity

Not defined

Arora et al. [34]

Review article

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Bladder disease

Radical cystectomy

Not defined

Not defined

Balagué & Arroyo [35]

Editorial

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Not defined

Not defined

Not defined

Not defined

Bongers et al. [36]

Letter to the editor

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer resection

Fried Frailty Index

personalised, supervised, and home-based multimodal programme prescribed by a kinesiologist, a nutritionist, and a psychology-trained nurse; programme started after the baseline visit and continued for 4weeks before surgery

Boreskie et al. [37]

Review article

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Cardiac disease

Different types

Not defined

Not defined

Bruns et al. [38]

Study article (Non-randomised pilot observational study)

Netherlands

February 2017 – February 2018

14

≥ 70 years who underwent a resection for colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer surgery

Fried criteria, Clinical Frailty Scale, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), KATZ – Independence of Activities of Daily Living (KATZ-ADL-6 questionnaire)

daily elderly-adapted computer-supported strength training workout (home-based) and two protein-rich meals

Carli et al. [39]

Review article

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer surgery

Not defined

Not defined

Durand et al. [40]

Review article

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Cardiac disease

Different types

Not defined

Not defined

Feng et al. [41]

Study article (nested qualitative study within an RCT)

Ottawa, Canada

Unknown

7 (recruitment ongoing)

patients ≥60 years having elective cancer surgery

Cancer

intraabdominal/intrathoracic surgery

Clinical Frailty Scale

home-based exercise prehabilitation (≥3 weeks of prehabilitation (strength, aerobic, and stretching))

Furyk et al. [42]

Study article (randomised controlled study)

Queensland, Australia

March 2016 – November 2017

5(106 participants eligible for screening)

patient undergoing colorectal surgery for cancer; frail or prefrail; able to attend exercise training in the regional city; and age ≥ 50

Colorectal cancer

Colorectal surgery

Edmonton Frail Scale

4-week supervised exercise program with dietary advice; three 1 h exercise sessions per week on non-consecutive days to increase muscular strength and cardiorespiratory/aerobic function

Gill et al. [43]

Study article (randomised controlled study)

Connecticut, USA

Unknown

94

physically frail, community-living persons, aged 75 years or older

Not defined

Not defined

rapid gait (i.e., walking back and forth over a 3-m course as quickly as possible) and a single chair stand (i.e., standing up from a hard-back chair with arms folded)

home-based physical therapy including progressive balance and conditioning exercises, using Thera-Bands

Gurlit & Gogol [26]

Review article

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Not defined

Not defined

Not defined

Not defined

Heil et al. [44]

Study article (qualitative study)

Unknown

September 2019 – October 2020

13

5 surgeons, 3 specialised nurses, 3 physical therapists, 2 dieticians

Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer surgery

n.a.

prehabilitation = at least aim of improving physical fitness and nutritional status

Hoogeboom et al. [45]

Study article (Single-blind, randomised clinical pilot trial)

Netherlands

July 2007 – November 2008

21

Frail elderly with hip osteoarthritis awaiting total hip replacement

Hip osteoarthritis

Total hip arthroplasty

Clinical Frailty Scale

supervised exercise twice a week (60 minutes each) at an outpatient department of physiotherapy; additionally encouraged to exercise at home; strength and aerobic training, functional physical activities for daily living

Jensen et al. [46]

Review article

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Bladder disease

Radical cystectomy

Not defined

Not defined

Johanning & Hall [47]

Editorial

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Not defined

Not defined

Not defined

Not defined

Lin et al. [48]

Study article (Cohort study)

Pennsylvania, USA

July 2018 – July 2019

517

All-comers were included in the analysis because all potential liver transplant candidates received an exercise prescription at their initial PT evaluation

Liver disease

Liver transplantation

Liver Frailty Index

individualised exercise prescription, mainly as home-based exercise workouts; on rare occasions, home health physical therapy or outpatient physical therapy (at a facility close to home) was recommended

McAdams-DeMarco et al. [49]

Study article (Single-arm intervention pilot study)

Maryland, USA

May 2016 – September 2017

24

kidney transplant candidates assessed for frailty

Kidney disease

Kidney transplantation

Fried physical frailty phenotype, Short Physical Performance Battery frailty score

centre-based prehabilitation consisting of weekly physical therapy sessions at an outpatient centre with at-home exercises

Mohamed et al. [50]

Review article

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Degenerative spine disease

Complex spine surgery

Compares multiple assessments

Not defined

Ng et al. [51]

Review article

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Not defined

Not defined

Not defined

Not defined

Oosting et al. [52]

Study article (Single-blind pilot randomised controlled trial)

Netherlands

Unknown

30

elective total hip arthroplasty (minimum waiting period of 3 weeks), osteoarthritis as underlying diagnosis for total hip arthroplasty, age older than 65 years; frail patients

End-stage hip osteoarthritis

Total hip arthroplasty

Identification of Seniors at Risk

home-based programme supervised by an experienced physical therapist to train functional activities and walking capacity

Perlmutter et al. [53]

Study article (Observational study)

Ohio, USA

April 2019 – February 2021

32

adult patients to undergo pancreatic resection, surgeries planned for at least 2 weeks after clinic visit

Pancreas disease

Pancreatectomy

Modified Johns Hopkins Frailty Score

daily prehabilitation regimen at home consisting of 100 chair-stands, 30 hand squeezes of a stressball and walking 7,500 steps

Punt et al. [54]

Review/perspective article

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Not defined

Not defined

Not defined

Not defined

Rumer et al. [55]

Review article

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Not defined

Not defined

Not defined

Not defined

Shovel & Morkane [56]

Review article

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Vascular disease

Open and endovascular aortic surgery

Not defined

Not defined

Singer et al. [57] & Singer et al. [58]

Study article (Non-randomised, observational pilot study)

California, USA

December 2015 – November 2017; Start of recruitment in March 2016

15

patients aged ≥50 who were listed or soon to be listed for lung transplantation

Lung disease

Lung transplantation

Short Physical Performance Battery frailty score

home-based combined exercise and nutrition intervention using a commercially available telehealth platform (AidCube)

Wang et al. [59]

Study article (pilot observational study)

Unknown

8

Not defined

Not defined

Not defined

Not defined

4-week prehabilitation programme that includes a blood flow restriction exercise combined with daily consumption of a sports nutrition cocktail; use of a mobile app as a home-based strategyd

Waterland et al. [60]

Letter to the editor

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer resection

Fried Frailty Index

personalised, supervised, and home-based multimodal programme prescribed by a kinesiologist, a nutritionist, and a psychology-trained nurse; programme started after the baseline visit and continued for 4 weeks before surgery

Williams et al. [61]

Review article

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Chronic liver disease

Liver transplantation

Not defined

Not defined

Yau [62] & Yau et al. [63]

Study article (stratified RCT and systematic review)

Hong Kong

July 3, 2019 – December 31, 2020

RCT: 63 (recruitment ongoing), later 153

frail patients (pre-frail to moderately frail) undergoing elective cardiac surgery; non-participants were defined as: inability to regularly attend, or indecisive/refusal to participate

Cardiac disease

Cardiac surgery

Clinical Frailty Scale

preoperative exercise training twice a week to optimise physical and psychosocial fitness at a dedicated room with gymnasium equipment at the Day Surgery Centre