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Table 5 Impact of the ‘free’ maternal health care policy on antenatal care uptake and facility delivery utilization; kernel propensity score analysis using logit regression model

From: Maternal health care utilization following the implementation of the free maternal health care policy in Ghana: analysis of Ghana demographic and health surveys 2008–2014

Variable

Bootstrapping standard error

Antenatal care uptake

Facility delivery utilization

ATE

(CI: 95%)

P-value

ATE

(CI: 95%)

P-value

No_FMHCP

1

  

1

  

FMHCP

0.08

(0.06–0.10)

0.001***

0.13

(0.11–0.15)

0.001***

Age

0.003

(-0.002-0.008)

0.231

0.004

(0.0001–0.008)

0.043*

Abortion

      

No

1

  

1

  

Yes

0.12

(0.04–0.20)

0.004*

0.13

(0.06–0.20)

0.001***

Area of residence

      

Urban

1

  

1

  

Rural

-0.06

(-0.15-0.02)

0.176

-0.09

(-0.17- -0.01)

0.021*

Employment

      

No

1

  

1

  

Yes

-0.12

(-0.21-0.03)

0.008

-0.13

(-0.20 - -06)

0.001***

Education

      

No education

1

  

1

  

Primary

0.03

(-0.06-0.13)

0.486

0.06

(0.21 − 0.13)

0.151

Secondary

0.39

(0.29–0.48)

0.001***

0.41

(0.32–0.48)

0.001***

Tertiary

0.67

(0.44–0.90)

0.001***

0.68

(0.47–0.87)

0.001***

Marital status

      

Not married

1

  

1

  

Married

0.33

(-0.20-0.47)

0.001) ***

0.36

(0.24–0.49)

0.001***

Liv. together

0.15

(o.01-0.29)

0.035*

0.21

(0.08–0.33)

0.001**

Widowed

0.21

(-0.07- -0.49)

0.148

0.22

(-0.04-0.47)

0.103

Divorced

-0.16

(-0.44-0.12)

0.265

-0.16

(-0.42- 0.09)

0.210

Not liv. together

-0.09

(-0.11-0.31)

0.367

0.10

(-0.08- 0.29)

0.290

Wealth index

      

Poorest

1

  

1

  

Poorer

0.16

(0.06–0.26)

0.002*

0.16

(0.07–0.24)

0.001***

Middle

0.32

0.20–0.43)

0.001***

0.31

(0.20–0.41)

0.001***

Richer

0.43

(0.29–0.57)

0.001***

0.42

(0.29–0.54)

0.001***

Richest

0.61

(0.44–0.78)

0.001***

0.61

(0.45–0.75)

0.001***

Region

      

Western

1

  

1

  

Central

-0.35

(-0.49- -0.20)

0.001***

-0.40

(-0.53- -0.28)

0.001***

G. Accra

-0.49

(-0.65- -0.33)

0.001***

-0.45

(-0.58- -0.30)

0.001***

Volta

0.16

(-0.009-0.31)

0.038*

0.15

(0.01–0.28)

0.025*

Eastern

0.13

(-0.01-0.28)

0.082

0.11

(-0.02- 0.23)

0.104

Ashanti

-0.31

(-0.45- -0.17)

0.001***

-0.32

(-0.44- -0.20)

0.001***

Brong-Ahafo

0.48

(0.33–0.62)

0.001***

0.44

(0.31–0.56)

0.001***

Northern

0.34

(0.19–0.49)

0.001***

0.28

(0.15- -0.40)

0.001***

Upper East

0.61

(0.44–0.77)

0.001***

0.59

(0.44–0.72)

0.001***

Upper West

0.82

(0.65–0.99)

0.001***

0.77

(0.62–0.91)

0.001***

  1. 1– reference; aCoef.– adjusted coefficient; * Significant level < 0.05; ** Significant level = 0.001; *** Significant level < 0.001
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BMC Health Services Research

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