Table 4 Multivariate analysis of association between the ‘free’ maternal health care policy and facility delivery utilization
Variable | Multiple logistic regression with linearized std. error | Poisson regression with linearized std. error | Negative binomial regression with robust std. error | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aOR | (CI: 95%) | P-Value | aPR | (CI: 95%) | P-Value | aPR | (CI: 95%) | P-value | |
No_FMHCP | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
FMHCP | 1.87 | (1.57–2.23) | 0.001*** | 0.14 | (0.10–0.18) | 0.001*** | 0.18 | (0.14–0.21) | 0.001*** |
Age | 1.03 | (1.01–1.05) | 0.001*** | 0.01 | (0.003–0.01) | 0.001*** | 0.01 | (0.004–0.01) | 0.001*** |
Parity | 0.87 | (0.82–0.93) | 0.001*** | -0.03 | (-0.04- -0.01) | 0.001*** | -0.04 | (-0.05 - -0.02) | 0.001*** |
Abortion | |||||||||
No history of abortion | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
History of abortion | 1.31 | (1.07–1.60) | 0.009* | 0.05 | (0.01–0.08) | 0.007* | 0.03 | (-0.005–0.06) | 0.103 |
Antenatal care | |||||||||
0–3 attendance | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
4 + attendance | 3.20 | (2.61–3.92) | 0.001*** | 0.50 | (0.39–0.61) | 0.001*** | 0.52 | (0.44–0.60) | 0.001*** |
Area of residence | |||||||||
Urban | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Rural | 0.44 | (0.34–0.56) | 0.001*** | -0.17 | (-0.22- -0.15) | 0.001*** | -0.19 | (-0.23- 0.15) | 0.001*** |
Employment | |||||||||
Unemployed | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Employed | 0.88 | (0.70–1.09) | 0.260 | -0.04 | (-0.07-0.01) | 0.094 | -0.03 | (-0.06 − 0.004) | 0.085 |
Education | |||||||||
No education | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Primary | 1.19 | (0.94–1.52) | 0.142 | 0.08 | (0.01–0.15) | 0.046 | 0.11 | (0.05–0.16) | 0.001*** |
Secondary | 1.78 | (1.40–2.26) | 0.001*** | 0.14 | (0.07–0.20) | 0.001*** | 0.17 | (0.12–0.22) | 0.001*** |
Tertiary | 3.44 | (0.76–15.5) | 0.108 | 0.14 | (0.6 − 0.21) | 0.001*** | 0.16 | (0.10–0.21) | 0.001*** |
Marital status | |||||||||
Not married | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Married | 0.79 | (0.56–1.12) | 0.197 | -0.05 | (-0.11-0.01) | 0.099 | -0.07 | (-0.13- -0.24) | 0.005* |
Liv. together | 0.79 | (0.56–1.14) | 0.205 | -0.04 | (-0.10-0.02) | 0.202 | -0.07 | (-0.12- -0.01) | 0.016* |
Widowed | 0.41 | (0.19–0.83) | 0.014* | -0.22 | (-0.40- -0.04) | 0.016 | -0.17 | (-0.32- -0.02) | 0.024* |
Divorced | 1.87 | (0.83–4.24) | 0.129 | 0.10 | (-0.03-0.24) | 0.133 | 0.03 | (-0.08- 0.14) | 0.565 |
Not liv. together | 0.79 | (0.46–1.36) | 0.407 | -0.05 | (-0.16-0.43) | 0.260 | -0.12 | (-0.21- 0.02) | 0.014* |
Wealth index | |||||||||
Poorest | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Poorer | 1.64 | (1.34–2.01) | 0.001*** | 0.26 | (0.16–0.35) | 0.001*** | 0.20 | (0.14–0.27) | 0.001*** |
Middle | 2.08 | (1.60–2.71) | 0.001*** | 0.35 | (0.25–0.46) | 0.001*** | 0.29 | (0.22–0.36) | 0.001*** |
Richer | 4.20 | (2.85–6.17) | 0.001*** | 0.43 | (0.33–0.54) | 0.001*** | 0.34 | (0.27–0.41) | 0.001*** |
Richest | 6.11 | (3.59–10.3) | 0.001*** | 0.39 | (0.28–0.50) | 0.001*** | 0.31 | (0.24–0.38) | 0.001*** |
Region | |||||||||
Western | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Central | 0.87 | (0.55–1.37) | 0.556 | -0.03 | (-0.13- 0.06) | 0.501 | 0.03 | (-0.04- 0.09) | 0.469 |
G. Accra | 1.55 | (0.92–2.63) | 0.098 | 0.07 | (-0.01-0.15) | 0.067 | 0.08 | (0.03–0.14) | 0.002* |
Volta | 1.21 | (0.75–1.96) | 0.418 | 0.04 | (-0.06-0.16) | 0.420 | 0.04 | (-0.02- -0.12) | 0.198 |
Eastern | 1.08 | (0.70–1.66) | 0.707 | 0.02 | (-0.07-0.12) | 0.634 | 0.05 | (-0.01- -0.12) | 0.110 |
Ashanti | 1.54 | (0.99–2.38) | 0.052 | 0.08 | (-0.001-0.16) | 0.053 | 0.11 | (0.05–0.17) | 0.001*** |
Brong-Ahafo | 1.60 | (1.00-2.56) | 0.049* | 0.09 | (-0.001-0.19) | 0.053 | 0.13 | (0.07–0.19) | 0.001*** |
Northern | 0.62 | (0.38-1.00) | 0.054 | -0.25 | (-0.43- -0.07) | 0.006 | -0.21 | (-0.03- -0.12) | 0.001*** |
Upper East | 2.96 | (1.75–4.98) | 0.001*** | 0.34 | (0.21–0.46) | 0.001*** | 0.32 | (0.24–0.39) | 0.001*** |
Upper West | 1.45 | (0.86–2.45) | 0.165 | 0.11 | (-0.03-0.26) | 0.135 | 0.11 | (0.03–0.19) | 0.006* |