Table 2 Multilevel analysis of odd ratios on the effect of individual, household and community level factors in influencing the utilization of postnatal care among women in Uganda, UDHS 2016
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Empty Model | Individual level | Community level | Individual/Community level | |
COR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
INDIVIDUAL VARIABLES | ||||
Age at last birth | ||||
<=19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
20-29 | 1.18 (0. 97-1.43) | 1.22*(1.01-1.47) | ||
30-39 | 1.31* (1.04-1.67) | 1.39**(1.10-1.75) | ||
40+ | 1.21 (0.88-1.67) | 1.29(0.94-1.77) | ||
Marital Status | ||||
Single | 1.00 | |||
Married | 1.10 (0.83-1.44) | |||
Living together | 1.05 (0.80-1.37) | |||
Previous married | 0.93 (0.69-1.24) | |||
Household Head | ||||
Male | 1.00 | |||
Female | 1.02(0.90-1.17) | |||
Parity | ||||
1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
2-3 | 0.69***(0.57-0.84) | 0.70*** (0.58-0.85) | ||
4+ | 0.59*** (0.47-0.73) | 0.58*** (0.47- 0.72) | ||
Family Size | ||||
<=4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
5-6 | 1.05(0.91-1.21) | 1.04 (0.90-1.19) | ||
7+ | 1.04(0.89-1.21) | 1.01 (0.87-1.17) | ||
Level of Education | ||||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Primary | 0.98(0.82-1.18) | 1.00(0.84-1.20) | ||
Secondary or Higher | 1.55*** (1.25-1.91) | 1.66***(1.34-2.05) | ||
Place of Residence | ||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Rural | 0.70**(0.56-0.87) | 0.69***(0.54-0.90) | ||
Wealth Index | ||||
Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Middle | 1.18 (0.99-1.41) | 1.19* (1.01-1.42) | ||
Rich | 1.29** (1.09-1.52) | 1.32**(1.12-2.56) | ||
Religion | ||||
Anglican | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Catholic | 1.06 (0.92-1.21) | 1.06 (0.92-1.21) | ||
Muslim | 1.19 (0.95-1.50) | 1.23 (0.97-1.55) | ||
Other’s | 0.99 (0.84-1.17) | 0.99 (0.84-1.16) | ||
Employment Status | ||||
Unemployed | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Employed | 1.29** (1.11-1.50) | 1.32***(1.34-1.54) | ||
Quality of content of ANC | ||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
High | 2.04***(1.81-2.49) | 2.05***(1.78-2.36) | ||
COMMUNITY VARIABLES | ||||
Community Socioeconomic status | ||||
Advantaged | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Disadvantaged | 1.39**(1.09-1.78) | 0.92 (0.71-1.19) | ||
Community Media Saturation | ||||
Less Saturated | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Saturated | 1.58*** (1.24-2.02) | 1.29*(1.01-1.65) | ||
Random effect results: | ||||
PSU Variance (95% CI) | 0.95(0.78-1.15) | 1.96(0.63-0.92) | 0.84(0.69-1.02) | 0.76(0.63-0.92) |
ICC | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.19 |
Wild chi-square and p-value | Ref | χ2=262.37, p<0.000 | χ2= 40.85, p<0.000 | χ2=208.12, p<0.000 |
Model fitness: | ||||
Log-likelihood | -2254979 | -2182476.9 | -2250233.4 | -2210640.5 |
AIC | 4509962 | 4365000 | 4500475 | 4421321 |
PSU | 649 | 649 | 649 | 649 |
N | 9,590 | 9,590 | 9,590 | 9,590 |