Table 3 Factors associated with unmet healthcare needs before and after COVID-19

Predisposing Factors

Sex

Female

0.404

0.14

1.50

1.15–1.96

< 0.001

0.167

0.12

1.18

0.94–1.49

0.155

(ref. Male)

Age

–0.007

0.01

0.99

0.98–1.01

0.316

–0.004

0.01

0.99

0.98–1.01

0.443

Spouse

No

–0.001

0.14

0.99

0.76–1.31

0.995

0.046

0.12

1.05

0.83–1.32

0.702

(ref. Yes)

Education

≤Elementary school

–0.139

0.26

0.87

0.52–1.46

0.596

0.223

0.22

1.25

0.82–1.92

0.308

Middle school

0.078

0.25

1.08

0.66–1.77

0.759

0.092

0.22

1.10

0.72–1.68

0.670

High school

–0.146

0.23

0.86

0.55–1.35

0.523

–0.067

0.19

0.94

0.65–1.36

0.723

(ref. ≥College)

Enabling Factors

Type of disability

Physical disability

0.391

0.29

1.48

0.83–2.63

0.183

0.479

0.23

1.62

1.03–2.54

0.038

(ref. Intellectual disability)

Degree of disability

Severe

–0.120

0.16

0.89

0.65–1.20

0.440

0.094

0.14

1.10

0.84–1.43

0.485

(ref. Mild)

Monthly household income

–0.001

0.00

1.00

0.99–1.00

0.190

0.000

0.00

1.00

0.99–1.00

0.801

Employment status

Employed

–0.107

0.15

0.90

0.67–1.21

0.486

–0.162

0.14

0.85

0.65–1.11

0.232

(ref. Unemployed)

National basic livelihood

Beneficiary

–0.190

0.17

0.83

0.59–1.16

0.272

–0.007

0.14

0.99

0.76–1.30

0.959

(ref. Non-beneficiary)

ADL dependency

–0.008

0.02

0.99

0.95–1.03

0.719

0.001

0.01

1.00

0.98–1.03

0.916

IADL dependency

0.065

0.02

1.07

1.02–1.12

0.003

0.043

0.02

1.04

1.01–1.08

0.004

Going outdoors independently

Yes

0.376

0.25

1.46

0.89–2.40

0.139

0.218

0.19

1.24

0.86–1.80

0.248

(ref. No)

Owned a car

Yes

–0.281

0.15

0.76

0.56–1.02

0.063

–0.120

0.13

0.89

0.69–1.15

0.357

(ref. No)

Experience of discrimination

–0.147

0.09

0.86

0.73–1.02

0.082

0.277

0.08

1.32

1.12–1.55

0.001

Satisfaction with medical staff’s understanding of disability

–0.174

0.09

0.84

0.71–0.99

0.042

0.018

0.10

1.02

0.83–1.24

0.856

Satisfaction with communication with medical staff

0.049

0.11

1.05

0.85–1.31

0.661

0.094

0.10

1.10

0.90–1.34

0.362

Satisfaction with medical institution facilities and equipment

–0.196

0.10

0.82

0.68–0.99

0.043

–0.167

0.10

0.85

0.70–1.02

0.082

Need Factors

Subjective health status

–0.479

0.09

0.62

0.52–0.74

< 0.001

–0.156

0.07

0.86

0.74–0.99

0.031

Chronic disease

Yes

0.002

0.22

1.00

0.66–1.54

0.992

1.043

0.16

2.84

2.08–3.87

< 0.001

(ref. No)

Depressive symptoms

Yes

0.525

0.16

1.69

1.24–2.31

0.001

0.778

0.14

2.18

1.65–2.87

< 0.001

(ref. No)

Regular medical care

Yes

–0.306

0.21

0.74

0.49–1.12

0.151

–0.692

0.16

0.50

0.37–0.68

< 0.001

(ref. No)

-2 Log likelihood

1,699.05

2,161.59

NagelkerkeR²

0.11

0.14

Hosmer–Lemeshow test

χ² = 6.57, p = 0.583

χ² = 3.77, p = 0.877