Table 2 Differences in participants’ characteristics between unmet and met healthcare needs before and after COVID-19

Predisposing factors

Sex

Male

170 (47.2)

914 (60.0)

19.38

< 0.001

318 (52.6)

787 (61.5)

13.21

< 0.001

Female

190 (52.8)

610 (40.0)

286 (47.4)

493 (38.5)

Age (years)

62.39 ± 16.12

60.48 ± 16.34

2.00

0.046

62.67 ± 15.20

59.42 ± 16.31

–4.23

< 0.001

Spouse

Yes

166 (46.1)

796 (52.2)

4.37

0.037

293 (48.5)

671 (52.4)

2.51

0.113

No^a

194 (53.9)

728 (47.8)

311 (51.5)

609 (47.6)

Education

≤Elementary school

153 (42.5)

559 (36.7)

7.88

0.049

278 (46.0)

437 (34.1)

27.30

< 0.001

Middle school

74 (20.6)

278 (18.2)

106 (17.5)

232 (18.1)

High school

96 (26.7)

494 (32.4)

156 (25.8)

428 (33.4)

≥College

37 (10.3)

193 (12.7)

64 (10.6)

183 (14.3)

Enabling factors

Type of disability

Physical disability

306 (85.0)

1,263 (82.9)

0.95

0.331

520 (86.1)

1,053 (82.3)

4.36

0.037

Intellectual disability

54 (15.0)

261 (17.1)

84 (13.9)

227 (17.7)

Degree of disability

Mild (grade 4–6)

212 (58.9)

897 (58.9)

0.01

0.992

342 (56.6)

768 (60.0)

1.93

0.164

Severe (grade 1–3)

148 (41.1)

627 (41.1)

262 (43.4)

512 (40.0)

Monthly household income (10,000 KRW)

191.97 ± 172.13

226.77 ± 189.34

–3.38

0.001

181.51 ± 165.83

214.85 ± 205.19

3.49

< 0.001

Employment status

Employed

120 (33.3)

641 (42.1)

9.21

0.002

173 (28.6)

476 (37.2)

13.27

< 0.001

Unemployed

240 (66.7)

883 (57.9)

431 (71.4)

804 (62.8)

National Basic Livelihood

Beneficiary

77 (21.4)

299 (19.6)

0.57

0.450

192 (31.8)

328 (25.6)

7.80

0.005

Non-beneficiary

283 (78.6)

1,225 (80.4)

412 (68.2)

952 (74.4)

ADL dependency

1–4^b

1.25 ± 0.48

1.14 ± 0.33

4.06

< 0.001

1.30 ± 0.62

1.15 ± 0.46

–5.14

< 0.001

IADL dependency

1–4^b

1.60 ± 0.80

1.40 ± 0.66

4.29

< 0.001

1.65 ± 0.87

1.41 ± 0.76

–5.87

< 0.001

Going outdoors independently

Yes

301 (83.6)

1,357 (89.0)

8.14

0.004

469 (77.6)

1,083 (84.6)

13.70

< 0.001

No

59 (16.4)

167 (11.0)

135 (22.4)

197 (15.4)

Owned a car

Yes

145 (40.3)

778 (51.0)

13.52

< 0.001

262 (43.4)

686 (53.6)

17.13

< 0.001

No

215 (59.7)

746 (49.0)

342 (56.6)

594 (46.4)

Experience of discrimination

1–4^c

1.91 ± 0.82

1.90 ± 0.77

0.04

0.965

2.27 ± 0.72

2.10 ± 0.69

–4.95

< 0.001

Satisfaction with medical staff’s understanding of disability

1–5^d

3.40 ± 0.97

3.53 ± 0.84

–2.38

0.018

3.60 ± 0.72

3.60 ± 0.69

0.09

0.926

Satisfaction with communication with medical staff

1–5^d

3.71 ± 0.69

3.64 ± 0.68

1.93

0.054

3.65 ± 0.73

3.66 ± 0.68

0.44

0.658

Satisfaction with medical institution facilities and equipment

1–5^d

3.59 ± 0.69

3.48 ± 0.71

2.67

0.008

3.50 ± 0.72

3.59 ± 0.61

2.43

0.015

Need factors

Subjective health status

1–5^e

3.73 ± 0.91

3.31 ± 0.87

8.26

< 0.001

3.62 ± 0.91

3.29 ± 0.87

–7.49

< 0.001

Chronic disease

Yes

289 (80.3)

1,149 (75.4)

3.84

0.050

475 (78.6)

781 (61.0)

57.38

< 0.001

No

71 (19.7)

375 (24.6)

129 (21.4)

499 (39.0)

Depressive symptoms

Yes

92 (25.6)

184 (12.1)

42.33

< 0.001

162 (26.8)

140 (10.9)

76.92

< 0.001

No

268 (74.4)

1,340 (87.9)

442 (73.2)

1,140 (89.1)

Regular medical care

Yes

288 (80.0)

1,193 (78.3)

0.51

0.474

456 (75.5)

913 (71.3)

3.59

0.058

No

72 (20.0)

331 (21.7)

148 (24.5)

367 (28.7)