Table 2 Baseline characteristics of study participants, by intervention and usual care
Characteristic, no. (%) | Total (n = 376) | Intervention (n = 189) | Usual care (n = 187) | Pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, mean (SD) | 59.8 (13.1) | 58.8 (13.7) | 60.7 (12.4) | .16 |
Female sex | 219 (58.2) | 114 (60.3) | 105 (56.1) | .41 |
Race/ethnicityb | .56 | |||
Black | 20 (5.3) | 11 (5.8) | 9 (4.8) | |
Asian | 19 (5.1) | 7 (3.7) | 12 (6.4) | |
Hispanic | 63 (16.8) | 30 (15.9) | 33 (17.6) | |
Native American | 16 (4.3) | 11 (5.8) | 5 (2.7) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 254 (67.6) | 128 (67.7) | 126 (67.4) | |
Annual household income > $50,000 | 222 (59.0) | 112 (59.3) | 110 (58.8) | .69 |
Education | .21 | |||
≤ High school graduate or GED | 132 (35.2) | 58 (30.7) | 74 (39.6) | |
Associate degree or technical school | 115 (30.7) | 63 (33.3) | 52 (27.8) | |
College or higher | 128 (34.1) | 68 (36.0) | 60 (32.1) | |
Married | 238 (63.3) | 116 (61.4) | 122 (65.2) | .44 |
Employed | 165 (43.9) | 86 (45.5) | 79 (42.2) | .52 |
Average daily opioid dose, MME/day, mean (SD)c | 34.0 (57.8) | 35.8 (68.9) | 32.1 (43.8) | .54 |
Pain | ||||
Pain intensity scale (range 1–10), mean (SD)d | 6.7 (1.5) | 6.7 (1.4) | 6.7 (1.6) | .83 |
Number of pain conditionse | .98 | |||
1 | 46 (12.3) | 23 (12.2) | 23 (12.3) | |
≥ 2 | 329 (87.7) | 165 (87.8) | 164 (87.7) | |
Types of pain conditions | ||||
Back | 296 (78.7) | 149 (78.8) | 147 (78.6) | .96 |
Legs, feet, and knees | 266 (70.7) | 133 (70.4) | 133 (71.1) | .87 |
Neck | 175 (46.5) | 96 (50.8) | 79 (42.2) | .10 |
Widespread pain (or fibromyalgia) | 66 (17.6) | 34 (18.0) | 32 (17.1) | .82 |
Other | 302 (80.3) | 152 (80.4) | 150 (80.2) | .96 |