Table 1 Descriptive statistics
Variables | Level 1 ≤ 47 (n = 261) | Level 2 (47.1–55.1) (n = 217) | Level 3 (55.2–67.0) (n = 240) | Level 4 (≥ 67.1) (n = 71) | Total (n = 789) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, n (%) | ||||||
Male | 102 (39.1) | 73 (33.6) | 54 (22.5) | 23 (32.4) | 252 (31.9) | 0.001* |
Female | 159 (60.9) | 144 (66.4) | 186 (77.5) | 48 (67.6) | 537 (68.1) | |
Age, mean (sd) | 64.5 (3.3) | 62.4 (12.5) | 59.1 (12.1) | 58.3 (13.1) | 61.7 (12.9) | < 0.001* |
Skin color, n (%) | ||||||
Brown/Black | 212 (81.2) | 184 (84.8) | 202 (84.1) | 64 (90.1) | 662 (83.9) | 0.31 |
White/Yellow/Indigenous | 49 (18.8) | 33 (15.2) | 38 (15.8) | 7 (9.9) | 127 (16.1) | |
Marital status, n (%) | ||||||
Married | 140 (53.6) | 108 (49.8) | 144 (60.0) | 39 (54.9) | 431 (54.6) | 0.17 |
Unmarried | 121 (46.4) | 109 (50.2) | 96 (40.0) | 32 (45.1) | 358 (45.4) | |
Educational attainment (years), n (%) | ||||||
0–4 | 197 (75.5) | 143 (52.8) | 133 (55.4) | 29 (40.8) | 502 (63.6) | < 0.001* |
5+ | 64 (24.5) | 74 (34.2) | 107 (44.6) | 42 (59.2) | 287 (36.4) | |
Employment status, n (%) | ||||||
Unemployed | 176 (67.5) | 142 (65.4) | 154 (64.2) | 36 (50.7) | 508 (64.4) | 0.07 |
Employed | 85 (35.5) | 75 (34.6) | 86 (35.8) | 35 (49.3) | 281 (35.6) | |
Income (minimum wagea) n (%) | ||||||
≤ 1 | 117 (53.4) | 105 (52.8) | 96 (43.8) | 25 (38.3) | 343 (48.7) | 0.01* |
≤ 2 | 71 (32.4) | 54 (27.1) | 84 (38.3) | 23 (34.3) | 232 (33.0) | |
> 2 | 31 (14.1) | 40 (20.1) | 39 (17.9) | 19 (27.4) | 129 (18.3) | |
Multimorbidity, n (%) | ||||||
No | 175 (67.0) | 128 (59.0) | 157 (64.4) | 40 (56.3) | 500 (63.4) | 0.15 |
Yes | 86 (33.0) | 89 (41.0) | 83 (34.6) | 31 (43.7) | 289 (36.6) | |
Polypharmacy, n (%) | ||||||
No | 206 (78.9) | 177 (81.6) | 201 (83.7) | 55 (77.5) | 639 (81.0) | 0.47 |
Yes | 55 (21.1) | 40 (18.4) | 39 (16.3) | 16 (22.5) | 150 (19.0) | |
Diabetes duration, mean (sd) | ||||||
10.7 (9.3) | 10.1 (8.7) | 9.8 (7.7) | 8.0 (7.2) | 10.7 (9.3) | 0.17 | |
Self-rated health perception, n (%) | ||||||
Worse/much worse | 85 (33.6) | 54 (25.5) | 55 (23.1) | 7 (10.0) | 201 (26.0) | < 0.001* |
Equal | 84 (33.2) | 78 (36.8) | 80 (33.6) | 17 (24.3) | 259 (33.5) | |
Better/much better | 84 (33.2) | 80 (37.7) | 103 (43.3) | 46 (65.7) | 313 (40.5) | |
Overall life satisfaction, n (%) | ||||||
Little/very little | 32 (13.4) | 14 (6.5) | 20 (8.3) | 3 (4.2) | 69 (8.8) | 0.016* |
Enough | 76 (29.3) | 48 (22.2) | 51 (21.3) | 9 (12.7) | 184 (23.4) | |
Very/very much | 151 (57.3) | 154 (71.3) | 169 (70.4) | 59 (83.1) | 533 (67.8) | |
Spirituality, mean (sd) | 47.8 (9.4) | 48.2 (5.5) | 48.5 (4.7) | 48.9 (2.7) | 49.2 (8.3) | 0.26 |