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Table 2 Total adjusted and weighted excess 3-year health system costs for opioid use and PIOU from generalized linear models (N = 1124)

From: Health care system costs related to potentially inappropriate medication use involving opioids in older adults in Canada

Group comparisons

Δ Costs (95% CI)

PIOU vs. no use

$8,987 (CI: $7,370, $10,605)*

PIOU vs. opioid use

$6,766 (CI: $5,253, $8,278)*

Opioid use vs. no use

$2,222 (CI: $1,179, $3,264)*

Males

 PIOU vs. no use

$9,128 (CI: $6,743, $11,514)*

 PIOU vs. opioid use

$5,009 (CI: $2,653, $7,365)*

 Opioid use vs. no use

$4,119 (CI: $2,441, $5,798)*

Females

 PIOU vs. no use

$8,847 (CI: $7,031, $10,663)*

 PIOU vs. opioid use

$8,258 (CI: $6,413, $10,103)*

 Opioid use vs. no use

$589 (CI: –$666, $1,844)

Age 75 + vs. 65–74

$5,677 (CI: $4,438, $6,915)*

Male sex vs. female

$2,251 (CI: $1,210, $3,291)*

Primary education vs. post-secondary/university

$2,834 (CI: $1,462, $4,207)*

Secondary education vs. post-secondary/university

$1,813 (CI: $710, $2,916)*

Country of origin Canada vs. other country

$1,276 (CI: –$758, $3,310)

Presence of a traumatic life event (including an accident, natural disaster, life threatening disease)

–$561 (CI: –$1,512, $391)

≥ 3 CPC +  ≥ 1 CMD vs. 0–2 CPC + no CMD

$7,996 (CI: $6,337, $9,655)*

≥ 3 CPC + no CMD vs. 0–2 CPC + no CMD

$8,433 (CI: $6,826, $10,039)*

0–2 CPC +  ≥ 1 CMD vs. 0–2 CPC + no CMD

$1,423 (CI: –$924, $3,769)

Extreme pain severity vs. no/low pain

$1,534 (CI: –$710, $3,777)

Moderate pain severity vs. no/low pain

$1,180 (CI: $187, $2,173)*

Presence of inflammatory pain vs. absence

$1,103 (CI: –$37, $2,243)

Presence of nociceptive pain vs. absence

–$523 (CI: –$1,959, $914)

Presence of neuropathic pain vs. absence

–$939 (CI: –$2,455, $578)

Presence of nociplastic pain vs. absence

–$2,475 (CI: –$4,699, –$251)*

Presence of other pain vs. absence

$2,606 (CI: $139, $5,074)*

Presence substance or alcohol use disorder vs. absence

$5,405 (CI: $3,424, $7,386)*

Recruited in private clinic with < 3 physicians vs. FMG or CLSC

$2,798 (CI: $1,540, $4,056)*

Recruited in private clinic with ≥ 3 physicians vs. FMG or CLSC

$2,113 (CI: $935, $3,291)*

  1. Costs presented for 2022. Weighted using IPTW and adjusted for age, sex, education level, country of origin, psychological distress, presence of a traumatic event (including an accident, natural disaster, or life-threatening disease), physical and psychiatric multimorbidity, pain severity, type of pain (inflammatory, nociceptive, neuropathic, nociplastic, other), presence of a substance use disorder, number of prescribers, continuity of care, and type of practice during recruitment
  2. Abbreviations: CLSC Local community service centres, CMD Common mental disorder, CPC Chronic physical condition, FMG Family medicine groups, PIOU Potentially inappropriate medication use involving opioids
  3. *p < 0.05
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BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

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