Table 2 Inclusion criteria

Study design

Any (including non-empirical papers/editorials reports)

Study setting

Acute healthcare settings—acute, critical, emergency (and potentially wider, see relevance criteria below)

Types of UB

All as exhibited and experienced by healthcare staff towards other staff (not towards patients nor patient to staff)

Types of participants

Employed staff groups including students on placements

Types of contributor to UB

Any

Outcomes

Included but not limited to a focus on one or more of: staff wellbeing (stress, burnout, resilience) staff turnover, absenteeism, malpractice claims, patient complaints, magnet hospital/recruitment, patient safety (avoidable harm, errors, speaking up rates, safety incidents, improved listening/response), cost

Language

English only