Table 3 Studies that demonstrate identifying the key indicators of a smart city’s healthcare capabilities in developing countries

1

Kaluarachchi, 2022; Neffati et al., 2021

Accessible and affordable healthcare

A smart city for healthcare in a developing country should focus on providing affordable and accessible healthcare to all citizens

2

Ross et al., 2020; Shamsuddin & Srinivasan, 2021; Syed et al., 2021

Digital healthcare infrastructure

A smart city for healthcare must have a robust digital infrastructure to enable the smooth flow of data between healthcare providers and patients

3

Angelidou, 2014; Anthopoulos, 2015; Braun et al., 2018

Healthcare facilities

In a developing country, a smart city for healthcare should have hospitals and clinics that are equipped with the latest medical technology, diagnostic equipment, and trained healthcare professionals

4

Al-Azzam & Alazzam, 2019; Alahi et al., 2023; Allam & Dhunny, 2019

Public health awareness

A smart city for health care should have a system that increases public health awareness and encourages citizens to adopt healthy lifestyle habits and reduce the risk of diseases

5

(Al-Azzam & Alazzam, 2019; Syed et al., 2021

Emergency Response Services

A smart city for healthcare should have an efficient emergency response system including ambulance services and emergency medical technicians to provide timely assistance to patients

6

Nikitas et al., 2020; Obaidat et al., 2019; Shamsuddin & Srinivasan, 2021

Research and Development

In developing countries, a smart city for healthcare should focus on research and development to find innovative solutions to address public health challenges

7

(González, 2022; Granier & Kudo, 2016; Hassankhani et al., 2021

Community involvement

A smart city for healthcare should encourage community involvement and participation, empowering local people to take ownership of their health and well-being and fostering a sense of social responsibility for health