Table 1 Examples of CHWW interventions in addition to standard care in the UK and outcomes included in this analysis vs outcomes not yet measured

Examples of CHWW interventions

Outcomes included in this analysis

Standard care

CHWW intervention in addition to standard care

Maternity and child health

Vaccination uptake only

Breastfeeding support in hospital or health visitor after birth

Information prior and hands-on breastfeeding support post labour, as and when needed

Early encouragement to register for antenatal care, ongoing support throughout and after pregnancy, joined up care for other children, liaison with midwives, GP and health visitors, family navigators and others as needed

Standard antenatal care: pt needs to register to receive 2 pregnancy ultrasound scans at 8–14 and 18–21 weeks, screening for certain conditions, 8 midwife and 1 GP visit (2 GP visits if first baby)

Signposting to antenatal and postnatal groups and classes

Spotting domestic violence or safeguarding issues or children with special needs

In some areas antenatal classes are offered (1 or 2 days)

Encouraging, explaining and facilitating developmental milestones reviews, vaccinations and screening opportunities such as chlamydia screening during pregnancy

Newborn and mother wellness check after 6 weeks, blood spot, hearing test

BP checks in pregnant women

Developmental milestones review by health visitor with ASQ-3 at 9–12 and 24 months

Vaccinations offered to mother during pregnancy and baby after birth and children according to vaccination schedule

Cardiovascular disease and Diabetes

Only NHS health checks included

NHS health checks offered to anyone without known cardiovascular disease 40–70 yrs. of age every 5 years to check cholesterol, blood sugar, blood pressure, risk factors and signpost to appropriate services

Encouraging NHS health checks or other checks according to circumstances of resident, explaining blood pressure, taking blood pressure

Promoting healthy lifestyles such as smoking cessation, healthy diet, physical activity in a personalised way

If background of diabetes or cardiovascular disease relevant annual reviews and hospital checks e.g. diabetic retinopathy screening

Explaining medication and helping with compliance

Mental ill health

Not included

Severe mental ill health review

Recognising deterioration

Services such as GP, single point of access crisis hotline, Talking therapy referral

Encouraging annual health checks

Spotting antenatal /postnatal depression/ suicide prevention

Supporting residents with learning disabilities

Help with loneliness and isolation

Service navigation

Trained in Open Dialogue crisis intervention

Respiratory disease

Only vaccination uptake included

Asthma and COPD annual checks and care plans

Air pollution advice

Help with inhalers/ explaining Asthma and COPD and care plans

Flu and COVID-19, pneumococcal/ pertussis vaccinations for selected populations

Help with mould and damp in the house

Check eligibility and encourage vaccine uptake

Cancer

Only vaccination and cancer screening uptake included

Cervical cancer screening 24–52 yrs. every 3 years, 53 to 64 every 5 years

Check eligibility and encourage cancer screening uptake

Explain screening, facilitate booking

Bowel cancer screening 60–74 yrs. every 2 years, in some areas 50 + , over 74 can request a test every 2 years

Explain red flags

Encourage vaccinations e.g. HPV

Lifestyle advice e.g. smoking cessation, promoting cancer IQ and self-checks

Breast cancer screening for women aged 50–70 every 3 years, 71 + can request breast screening

Encourage booking with GP for PSA check if risk factors (e.g. black ethnicity)