Table 4 Possibility of encountering catastrophic health expenditures due to health Service utilization in 1-year period
Older population’s and their household’s characteristics (Independent variables) | Binary logistic regression model 2: Possibility of encountering catastrophic health expenditure (in 1-year period) | |
|---|---|---|
Nagelkerke R2 = 0.434 | ||
Odd Ratio (OR) | P-Value | |
Predisposing characteristics Gender | ||
♣ Male | ||
♣ Female | 0.048 | 0.045* |
Age | ||
♣ Young old (60–69) ♣ Middle-old (70–79) ♣ Oldest-old (more than 80) | 0.714 0.254 | 0.570 0.011* |
Level of education | ||
♣ No formal education ♣ Primary school ♣ Secondary school ♣ College/ university degree | 12.021 16.570 30.359 | 0.308 0.206 0.131 |
Household size | ||
♣ Small (1–4 people) | ||
♣ Large (more than 5 people) | 0.242 | 0.528 |
Occupation | ||
♣ Retired government official | ||
♣ Self-employed or business owner ♣ Freelancer ♣ Others | 0.533 2.778 0.344 | 0.363 0.530 0.265 |
Enabling characteristics Income level | ||
♣ Less than or equal to $125 | ||
♣ More than $125 to $280 ♣ More than $280 to $500 ♣ More than $500 | 0.183 0.028 0.012 | 0.014* 0.018* 0.002* |
Mean of transportation | ||
♣ Without a vehicle | ||
♣ Motorcycle ♣ Car | 0.401 0.813 | 0.219 0.859 |
Travelling time to hospital | ||
♣ Less than 30 minutes | ||
♣ Between 30 to 60 minutes | 0.718 | 0.513 |
Need-based characteristics Presence of older persons | ||
♣ One | ||
♣ Two or more | 0.242 | 0.528 |
Presence of chronic conditions | ||
♣ No | ||
♣ Yes | 0.466 | 0.345 |