Table 2 Older people’s and their households’ characteristics associated with catastrophic health expenditures due to health service utilization in one-year period
Older people’s and their households’ characteristics | Catastrophic health expenditure | Pearson X2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | Total | ||
Predisposing characteristics Gender | ||||
♣ Male ♣ Female | 10 (11%) 81 (89%) | 21 (28.4%) 53 (71.6%) | 31 (18.8%) 134 (81.2%) | 0.04 |
Age | ||||
♣ Young old (60–69) ♣ Middle-old (70–79) ♣ Senior (more than 80) | 25 (27.5%) 23 (25.3%) 43 (47.3%) | 28 (37.8%) 23 (31.1%) 23 (31.1%) | 53 (32.1%) 46 (27.9%) 66 (40%) | 0.104 |
Level of education | ||||
♣ No formal education ♣ Primary school ♣ Secondary school ♣ College/ university degree | 7 (7.7%) 36 (39.6%) 39 (42.9%) 9 (9.9%) | 1 (1.4%) 20 (27%) 35 (47.3%) 18 (24.3%) | 8 (4.8%) 56 (33.9%) 74 (44.8%) 27 (16.4%) | 0.014 |
Household size | ||||
♣ Small (1–4 people) ♣ Large (more than 5 people) | 9 (9.9%) 82 (90.1%) | 18 (24.3%) 56 (75.7%) | 27 (16.4%) 138 (83.6%) | 0.011 |
Occupation | ||||
♣ Retired government official ♣ Self-employed or business owner ♣ Freelancer ♣ Others | 14 (15.4%) 33 (36.3%) 14 (15.4%) 30 (33%) | 16 (21.6%) 16 (21.6%) 9 (12.2%) 33 (44.6%) | 30 (18.2%) 49 (29.7%) 23 (13.9%) 63 (38.2%) | 0.135 |
Enabling characteristics Income level | ||||
♣ Less than or equal to $125 ♣ More than $125 to $280 ♣ More than $280 to $500 ♣ More than $500 | 19 (20.9%) 40 (44%) 12 (13.2%) 20 (22%) | 42 (56.8%) 21 (28.4%) 7 (9.5%) 4 (5.4%) | 61 (37%) 61 (37%) 19 (11.5%) 24 (14.5%) | 0.01 |
Means of transportation | ||||
♣ Without a vehicle ♣ Motorcycle ♣ Car | 10 (11%) 45 (49.5%) 36 (39.6%) | 26 (35.1%) 31 (41.9%) 17 (23%) | 36 (21.8%) 76 (46.1%) 53 (32.1%) | 0.01 |
Travelling time to hospital | ||||
♣ Less than 30 minutes ♣ Between 30 to 60 minutes | 52 (57.1%) 39 (42.9%) | 40 (54.1%) 34 (45.9%) | 92 (55.8%) 73 (44.2%) | 0.405 |
Need-based characteristics Presence of elderly populations | ||||
♣ One ♣ Two or more | 36 (39.6%) 55 (60.4%) | 30 (40.5%) 44 (59.5%) | 66 (40%) 99 (60%) | 0.512 |
Presence of chronic conditions within households | ||||
♣ No ♣ Yes | 26 (28.6%) 65 (71.4%) | 19 (25.7%) 55 (74.3%) | 45 (27.3%) 120 (72.7%) | 0.406 |
Total | 91 | 74 | 165 | |