Table 3 Associations of PSI experience with the hospital management of patient safety culture among HCWs during the second wave of the pandemic; logistic regression models adjusted for age and gender with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI).

 • Risk of recurrence

Expectation of next AE at department in the next 12 months¹

2.7(1.42–5.22)

Expectation of next AE at hospital in the next 12 months¹

3.5(1.79–7.02)

 • Open disclosure experience

Institutional response

Reporting and root-cause analysis²

2.0(0.92–4.10)

Informing and apologising to patient²

1.6(0.73–3.33)

Conflicts among the colleagues²

2.8(1.17–6.60)

Losing reputation²

2.1(0.64–6.84)

Offering institutional support²

1.4(0.42–4.80)

Buddy support (by colleagues)²

1.0(0.53–2.02)

Patient response

Accepting explanation and apology²

2.3(1.06–4.81)

Rejecting the apology and responding aggressively²

2.6(0.84–7.89)

Patient filed a formal complaint²

1.4(0.30–6.59)

Patient-HCW relation worsens²

2.3(0.88–5.98)

 • Second victim experience

Sadness³

3.5(1.54–7.86)

Irritability³

4.3(2.00–9.03)

Anxiety³

4.1(1.78–9.58)

Depression⁴

2.2(1.14–4.06)