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Table 2 Socio-demographic, anthropometric, TB- and DM-related characteristics of study participants by glycaemic control outcome

From: How can tuberculosis services better support patients with a diabetes co-morbidity? A mixed methods study in the Philippines

 

All (N = 31)

Controlleda (N = 12)

Uncontrolleda (N = 14)

Indeterminate (N = 5)

Age, years

 Mean, SD

52.0 (12.4)

48.2 (11.3)

60.6 (15.1)

52.0 (12.4)

 Median, Range

52.0 (30.0—83.0)

54.5 (30.0—69.0)

47.0 (31.0—66.0)

63.0 (43.0—83.0)

Sex

 Female

9

2 (22%)

5 (56%)

2 (22%)

 Male

22

10 (45%)

9 (41%)

3 (14%)

Region

 Negros Occidental

13

6 (46%)

6 (46%)

1 (8%)

 Cebu

10

5 (50%)

4 (40%)

1 (10%)

 Manila

8

1 (12%)

4 (50%)

3 (38%)

Income level

 Less than 5,000 PHP

13

6 (46%)

6 (46%)

1 (8%)

 5000—9999 PHP

5

1 (20%)

3 (60%)

1 (20%)

 > 10,000 PHP

13

5 (38%)

5 (38%)

3 (23%)

Marital status

 Single

4

1 (25%)

2 (50%)

1 (25%)

 Married

21

8 (38%)

11 (52%)

2 (10%)

 Divorced/separated

2

0

1 (50%)

1 (50%)

 Widowed

4

3 (75%)

0

1 (25%)

Unemployed

 Yes

18

7 (39%)

9 (50%)

2 (11%)

 No

13

5 (38%)

5 (38%)

3 (23%)

Insurance (public or private)

 No insurance

6

3 (50%)

2 (33%)

1 (17%)

 Insurance

21

7 (33%)

10 (48%)

4 (19%)

BMI classificationb

 Normal (18.5–25.0 kg/m2)

22

10 (45%)

10 (45%)

2 (9%)

 Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2)

5

2 (40%)

2 (40%)

1 (20%)

 Overweight or obese (≥ 25.0 kg/m2)

4

0

2 (50%)

2 (50%)

Blood pressure at baselinec

 Normal (SBP < 120 mmHg, DBP < 80 mmHg)

10

5 (50%)

5 (50%)

0

 Elevated (SBP 120–129 mmHg, DBP < 80 mmHg)

2

2 (67%)

1 (33%)

0

 Stage 1 Hypertension (SBP 130–139 mmHg, DBP 80–89 mmHg)

11

3 (30%)

6 (60%)

1 (10%)

 Stage 2 Hypertension (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg, DBP ≥ 90 mmHg)

8

2 (25%)

2 (25%)

4 (50%)

Central obesityd

 Normal

4

3 (75%)

1 (25%)

0

 Central obesity

27

9 (33%)

13 (48%)

5 (19%)

Timing of DM diagnosise

 Newly diagnosed

13

6 (46%)

4 (31%)

3 (23%)

 Previously diagnosed

18

6 (33%)

10 (56%)

2 (11%)

Use of insulinf

 No use

26

9 (35%)

12 (46%)

5 (19%)

 Use

5

3 (60%)

2 (40%)

0

Use of metforminf

 No use

3

1 (33%)

1 (33%)

1 (33%)

 Use

28

11 (39%)

13 (46%)

4 (14%)

Report of any DM complicationg

 No

21

7 (33%)

9 (43%)

5 (24%)

 Yes

10

5 (50%)

5 (50%)

0

New versus relapse TB case

 New

20

6 (30%)

11 (55%)

3 (15%)

 Relapse

10

6 (60%)

2 (20%)

2 (20%)

Type of TB infection

 Drug Sensitive

20

6 (30%)

10 (50%)

4 (20%)

 Drug Resistant

11

6 (55%)

4 (36%)

1 (9%)

  1. In addition to basic sociodemographic variables, characteristics shown only for factors found to be significant in univariable regressions with a Wald P-value < 0.1 (Table 1)
  2. BMI Body Mass Index, DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure, DSSM Direct sputum smear microscopy, HbA1c Glycosylated haemoglobin, HT Hypertension, mmHg Millimetre of Mercury, PHP Philippine peso, SD Standard deviation, SBP Systolic blood pressure, TB Tuberculosis
  3. aAmongst those with ≥ 2 HbA1c results: Uncontrolled (at least two study-measured HbA1c results equal to or greater than 8%); controlled (at least two study-measured HbA1c results less than 8%). Status was indeterminate if HbA1c data did not qualify into a glycaemic control category
  4. bWorld Health Organization (WHO) criteria for adults [42]
  5. c2017 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association guidelines [43]
  6. dWaist-to-hip ratio using WHO recommendations for diagnosing metabolic syndrome [44]; > 0.85 for women and > 0.9 for men
  7. ePreviously-diagnosed: self-report of doctor diagnosis at enrolment into TB treatment, confirmed by self-reported use of standard glucose-lowering medication (insulin, gliclazide, metformin) if HbA1c result < 6.5%. Newly-diagnosed: HbA1c ≥ 6.5% test result during their TB treatment period, confirmed by self-report of an outside DM diagnosis or use of a standard glucose-lowering if no subsequent HbA1c results ≥ 6.5%
  8. fSelf-reported any point during TB treatment
  9. gAfter enrolment in TB treatment, report of experiencing diabetic complications [45]: ever lost a limb or digit not through trauma, ever had a bypass or stenting surgery in limbs, non-healing wound for three or more months, heart attack, stroke, bypass or stenting heart surgery, diagnosis of angina or heart failure, cataract or laser eye surgery, glaucoma, acquired blindness not due to trauma, difficulty seeing or disturbed vision, renal failure, and if participant had any symptom of distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathy using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument [46]
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BMC Health Services Research

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