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Table 1 Univariable Associations with Uncontrolled Blood Glucose among 189 TB patients with diabetes comorbidity

From: How can tuberculosis services better support patients with a diabetes co-morbidity? A mixed methods study in the Philippines

Characteristic

Total

Uncontrolleda

(%)

Odds Ratio

(95% CI)

Wald P-value

Age (years)

151

66 (43.7)

1.00 (0.97, 1.03)

0.993

Sex

   

0.083

 Female

46

25 (54.3)

1

 

 Male

105

41 (39.0)

0.54 (0.27, 1.08)

 

Region

   

0.012

 Cebu

70

27 (38.6)

1

 

 Negros Occidental

66

26 (39.4)

1.04 (0.52, 2.06)

 

 Manila

15

13 (86.7)

10.35 (2.17, 49.49)

 

Absolute household income

   

0.754

 Less than 5,000 PHP

63

29 (46.0)

1

 

 5000, 9999 PHP

39

15 (38.5)

0.73 (0.32, 1.65)

 

 > 10,000 PHP

48

21 (43.8)

0.91 (0.43, 1.94)

 

Marital status

   

0.127

 Single

29

10 (34.5)

1

 

 Married

109

53 (48.6)

1.80 (0.77, 4.22)

 

 Divorced, separated or widowed

13

3 (23.1)

0.57 (0.13, 2.56)

 

Employment status

   

0.919

 Unemployed

100

44 (44.0)

1

 

 Employed

51

22 (43.1)

0.97 (0.49, 1.91)

 

Insurance (public or private)

   

0.523

 No insurance

45

18 (40.0)

1

 

 Insurance

94

43 (45.7)

1.26 (0.61, 2.60)

 

BMI classification at baselineb

   

0.016

 Normal (18.5–25.0 kg/m2)

91

42 (46.2)

1

 

 Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2)

36

9 (25.0)

0.39 (0.16, 0.92)

 

 Overweight or obese (≥ 25.0 kg/m2)

24

15 (62.5)

1.94 (0.77, 4.90)

 

Blood pressure at baselinec

   

0.083

 Normal (SBP < 120 mmHg, DBP < 80 mmHg)

61

22 (36.1)

1

 

 Elevated (SBP 120–129 mmHg, DBP < 80 mmHg)

12

3 (25.0)

0.59 (0.14, 2.41)

 

 Stage 1 Hypertension (SBP 130–139 mmHg, DBP 80–89 mmHg)

43

25 (58.1)

2.46 (1.11, 5.48)

 

 Stage 2 hypertension (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg, DBP ≥ 90 mmHg)

19

9 (47.4)

1.60 (0.56, 4.52)

 

Central obesityd

   

0.001

 No

49

12 (24.5)

1

 

 Yes

102

54 (52.9)

3.47 (1.62, 7.41)

 

Timing of DM diagnosise

   

 < 0.001

 Newly diagnosed

90

26 (28.9)

1

 

 Previously diagnosed

61

40 (65.6)

4.69 (2.33, 9.42)

 

Use of metforminf

   

 < 0.001

 No use

58

12 (20.7)

1

 

 Use

93

54 (58.1)

5.31 (2.49, 11.32)

 

Use of insulinf

   

0.008

 No use

132

52 (39.4)

1

 

 Use

19

14 (73.7)

4.31 (1.46, 12.67)

 

Experience of DM complicationg

   

0.048

 Never

52

8 (28.6)

1

 

 Yes

134

58 (47.2)

2.23 (0.91- 5.45)

 

New versus relapse TB case

   

0.029

 New

96

48 (50.0)

1

 

 Relapse

54

17 (31.5)

0.46 (0.23, 0.93)

 

Type of TB infection

   

0.083

 Drug sensitive

118

56 (47.5)

1

 

 Drug resistant

33

10 (30.3)

0.48 (0.21, 1.10)

 
  1. In addition to basic sociodemographic variables, results for univariable regressions with a Wald P-value < 0.1 shown
  2. BMI Body Mass Index, DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure, DSSM Direct sputum smear microscopy, HbA1c Glycosylated haemoglobin, HT Hypertension, mmHg Millimetre of Mercury, PHP Philippine peso, SD Standard deviation, SBP Systolic blood pressure, TB Tuberculosis
  3. aAmong study participants with ≥ 2 HbA1c results: uncontrolled (at least two study-measured HbA1c results equal to or greater than 8%); controlled (at least two study-measured HbA1c results less than 8%). Status was indeterminate if HbA1c data did not qualify into a glycaemic control category. 38 of the 189 patients had an indeterminate status and were not included in regression analyses
  4. bWorld Health Organization (WHO) criteria for adults [42]
  5. c2017 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association guidelines [43]
  6. dWHO recommendations for diagnosing metabolic syndrome [44]: > 0.85 for women and > 0.9 for men
  7. ePreviously-diagnosed: self-report of doctor diagnosis at enrolment into TB treatment, confirmed by self-reported use of standard glucose-lowering medication (insulin, gliclazide, metformin) if baseline HbA1c < 6.5%. Newly-diagnosed: HbA1c ≥ 6.5% test result during their TB treatment period, confirmed by self-report of an outside DM diagnosis or use of a standard glucose-lowering if no subsequent HbA1c ≥ 6.5%
  8. fSelf-reported any point during TB treatment
  9. gAfter enrolment in TB treatment, report of experiencing diabetic complications [45]: ever lost a limb or digit not through trauma, ever had a bypass or stenting surgery in limbs, non-healing wound for three or more months, heart attack, stroke, bypass or stenting heart surgery, diagnosis of angina or heart failure, cataract or laser eye surgery, glaucoma, acquired blindness not due to trauma, difficulty seeing or disturbed vision, renal failure, and if participant had any symptom of distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathy using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument [46]
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