Table 3 Overview of empowerment components in the included studies according to the WHO definition of empowerment

1.

Admiraal et al. 2017 [37]

X

X

1: Problem orientation and identification

3: Problem solving (increased coping)

2

2.

Akturan et al. 2017 [38]

X

4: Therapeutic interview techniques by doctor

1

3.

Almeida et al. 2019 [39]

X

X

1: Modul 2: How diabetes affects my daily life

3: Decision making and daily problem-solving skills

2

4.

Aslani et al. 2019 [41]

X?

2: Educational booklet (disease, symptoms, lifestyle and medication)

1

5.

Chen et al. 2018 [43]

X

X

X

1: Promoting knowledge and self-management

3: Self-care skills, enhancing self-efficacy

4: facilitate a collaborative relationship (nurse, family caregiver)

3

6.

Cheng et al. 2018 [45]

X

X

1: Self-management knowledge

3: Self-management skills and self-efficacy, goalsetting, autonomy

2

7.

Cheng et al. 2021 [46]

X

X

1: Self-management knowledge

3: Self-management skills and self-efficacy, goalsetting, autonomy

Same intervention as Cheng 2018 [45]

2

8.

Cinar et al. 2018 [48]

X

X

1: Educational materials (a physical exercise DVD and chi-balls, cookery books for DM2 patients, oral hygiene brochures

3: healthy lifestyle, self-efficacy, diabetes coping skills

2

9.

Cortez et al. 2017 [49]

X

X

X

1: Explore the problem, identify and discuss feelings and meanings

2: Produce effective interactions between health professionals and users

3: Set goals, create a care plan

3

10.

Dehghan et al. 2017 [51]

X

X

1: improving the daily activities of life, principles and the objectives of weight control, nutrition, exercise

3: Strategies of decision- making, increasing motivation & stress management

2

11.

Dehghan et al. 2018 [52]

X

X

1: The perception of patients increased by knowing the nature and complications of late diabetes

3: problem-solving, promotion of self-efficacy through skills such as blood glucose monitoring, foot care, physical activity, maintenance, insulin and dietary intake

2

12.

Doupis et al. 2019 [53]

X

X

1: Material on disease knowledge, diet and exercise, use of medications and adherence to treatment

3: Attainment of treatment goals included diet, physical activity, adherence to prescribed medication etc

2

13.

Fardazar et al. 2018 [56]

X

X

1: General introduction of diabetes, its mechanism, and complications

3: Foot care principles (daily foot examinations, nail care and foot care, appropriate footwear, stress management

2

14.

Ebrahimi et al. 2016 [54]

X

X

1: Education was provided in four areas including diet, exercise, medication, and foot care

3 They discussed their problems and possible solutions;, practical skills were trained

2

15.

Hourzad et al. 2018 [57]

X

X

X

-

1; Self-awareness of changes and understanding their personal level of performance and expectations

2. Empowering them to receive timely information from the medical team on various aspects of their disease

3: Optimal goal setting; adjusting physical, psychological, and social structures

3

16.

Hsiao et al. 2016 [58]

X

-

X

X

1: identification of problem areas for self-care behaviors after renal transplant

3: setting goals, solving problems, coping with renal transplant and daily stresses

4: seeking social support

3

17.

Lavesen et al. 2016 [60]

X

-

X

-

1: Supporting active participation in own disease management

3: Symptom management, inhalation medicine, medicine

2

18.

Lenjawi et al. 2017 [61]

X

-

X

-

1: Taking the main responsibility for managing their disease, behavioral modifications, and psychological adjustment

3: Goal-setting skills, and coping skills, taking blood glucose, target comorbid conditions such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and microalbuminuria

2

19.

Li et al. 2020 [19]

-

X

-

X

2: Knowing Diabetes

3: Motivation on Diabetes Self-Care, Healthy Diet and Physical Exercise

2

20.

Macedo et al. 2017 [62]

X

-

X

-

1: Make decisions consciously and independently about their health care

3: Develop care plan and meet goals which allowed adherence and empowerment to execute self-care practices

2

21.

Maryam et al. 2017 [63]

X

X

3: Education: disease, medications, diet, lifestyle,

evaluating peripheral edema, stress management, behavior change, self-management and follow-up of treatment

4: Telephone support to caregivers about the same

2

22.

Moein et al. 2017 [64]

X

X

X

1. Understanding diabetes and related complications

3. Using glucometer for measuring blood glucose level; where to store insulin; how to use insulin syringes; how to do insulin injections, etc.)

4: Using peer support motivation and leaning

3

23.

Musavinasab et al. 2016 [65]

X

x

1: Instill self-awareness of changes and expectations of themselves

3. Goal setting, empowerment strategies to identify and adopt adaptation and self-management

2

24.

Naik et al. 2019 [21]

X

X

X

2. Advocate for their health through active communication with their clinicians

3.Action plans, improve wellness, diet, physical activity, medication management, and relaxation

4. The coach-patient relationship

3

25.

Ramli et al. 2016 [66]

X

X

X

2. Improve provider-patient communication,

3. Decision Support,

4. have a productive interaction between the empowered CDM team and the informed, empowered T2DM patients, Self- Management Support

3

26.

Kordshooli et al. 2018 [59]

X

X

1. The nature of disease, pathophysiology, etiology and clinical demonstrations

3. Increasing the self- efficacy, self-esteem and self- control

2

27.

dos Santos et al. 2017 [68]

X

-

X

-

1..Exploration of the problem and feelings and emotions

3. Lify style change: feeding frequency and fiber intake; 4) nutrients, reading of food labels and physical activity

2

28.

Shin et al. 2016 [69]

-

-

X

-

3.. Exercise, low-sodium recipes, smoking cessation and healthy drinking, and group discussions about goal setting and problem solving

1

29.

Sit et al. 2016 [71]

-

-

X

-

3.personal goal setting and action planning. Self-efficacy activities to develop self-management skills and articulating participants’ health needs

1

30.

Souza et al. 2017 [70]

X

-

X

X

1. Identification and approach of feelings

3. Problem solving, goal setting, self-care practice, diet

4 Support of interactive dynamics through dialogues with nurses

3

31.

Tabari et al. 2018 [72]

X

-

X

X

1.improved his/her perceived sensitivity in relation to the disease and its control

3. Problem solving, increase self-efficacy, self-esteem and self-control

4. booklets and pre-prepared educational pamphlets for the participants and active family members

3

32.

Theeranut et al. 2018 [73]

X

-

X

-

1. Self-reflection technique to identify problems related to diabetes care

3. self-care, decision making, goal setting, and practice of the patients diet control, exercise, stress and coping

2

33.

Young et al. 2020 [78]

-

-

X

-

3. Mutual goal setting, enhance self-efficacy in health behavior change, using Motivational interviewing

1

34.

Zamanzadeh et al. 2017 [79]

?

?

X

-

3: Education message daily by SMS and necessary education given over the phone three times a week

1

35.

Zoun et al. 2019 [80]

X

-

X

X

1: Individual treatment plan, identify symptoms and daily activities, keep a log of symptoms,

3: coping with the chronic disorder

4: An action plan to re-establish social contacts and improve daily living activities

3

36.

Üzar-Özetin et al. 2019 [74]

X

-

X

X

1: Cancer experience and effects

3: Coping styles, stress management, self- expression, say NO

4: Resources for social support

3

37.

Vahedian-Azimi et al. 2016 [75]

X

-

X

X

1: Awareness and cognition addressed, rehabilitation plan + insight in illness severity

3: Problem solving

4: Follow up with support group webinars on relevant topics

3

38.

van Puffelen et al. [76] 2019

X

-

X

X

1: Discussing maladaptive illness perceptions

3: Basic information about diabetes, creating goals, create stepwise actionplans

4: Exploring and discussing (un)helpful ways of support

3

39.

Visser et al. 2018 [77]

X

x

-

-

1: Support groups on survivorship

2: Discussing psychosocial themes related to Breast cancer survivorship to improve consultations with MD

2

Total number of studies

29

7

35

14