Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria in PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study Design) format
Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria | |
|---|---|---|
P (Population) | Chronic disease and/or noncommunicable diseases as defined by WHO | Children and adolescents < 18 years. Patients in active cancer treatment. People with severe mental illness. |
I (Intervention) | Empowerment-based interventions or programs aiming to improve health-related outcomes. Interventions delivered inpatient, outpatient, or community settings related to patients with chronic disease(s) | Studies where empowerment was not the specific aim nor mentioned in the abstract |
C (Comparison) | Control groups with no treatment or standard care control groups or attention control groups (participants receive some other attention) or waitlist | Studies without control-groups (pre/post not included) |
O (Outcomes) | Patient-reported empowerment outcomes, health care outcomes and / or clinical outcomes related to empowerment like quality of life, self-management or health literacy. Clinical outcomes such as blood pressure or HbA1c | Outcomes not related to empowerment |
S (Study design) | Experimental studies, defined as randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental trials (e.g. non-randomized, pre-posttest) | Qualitative studies, cross-sectional studies, case–control studies, cohort studies and mixed methods design. Any type of systematic or non-systematic review, non-peer reviewed articles, grey literature, master and PhD thesis, conference proceedings, comments or opinion articles, official guidelines, editorials, and abstracts |