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Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression of associations of delays in care-seeking with sociodemographic information, COVID-19 beliefs, income, and food insecurity, by country

From: Self-reported delays in care-seeking in West Africa during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

 

Burkina Faso

Ghana

Sierra Leone

Variable

Adjusted OR [CI]

p value

Adjusted OR [CI]

p value

Adjusted OR [CI]

p value

Age

    

n/aa

 

 18–30

Reference

-

Reference

-

-

-

 31–40

1.84 [1.09–3.12]

0.02*

1.59 [1.00–2.53]

0.048*

-

-

 41 + 

1.36 [0.69–2.66]

0.37

1.45 [0.84–2.53]

0.19

-

-

Male/Female

  

n/a

 

n/a

 

 Male

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Female

2.02 [1.30–3.14]

0.002**

-

-

-

-

Location

n/a

   

n/a

 

 Non-Urban

-

-

Reference

-

-

-

 Urban

-

-

0.70 [0.47–1.04]

0.08

-

-

Highest level of education completed

n/a

   

n/a

 

 Less than secondary

-

-

Reference

-

-

-

 Secondary or vocational

-

-

0.89 [0.56–1.43]

0.63

-

-

 Post-secondary

-

-

1.30 [0.79–2.12]

0.30

-

-

Feels that someone household is at risk of contracting COVID-19

      

 No

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 Yes

1.44 [0.89–2.34]

0.14

1.63 [1.08–2.45]

0.02*

2.17 [1.06–4.47]

0.03*

Perception of government’s reaction to COVID-19 outbreak

n/a

     

 Much too extreme

-

-

(Reference)

-

(Reference)

-

 Somewhat too extreme

-

-

0.32 [0.06–1.75]

0.19

0.34 [0.09–1.30]

0.12

 Appropriate

-

-

0.72 [0.28–1.81]

0.48

0.37 [0.11–1.17]

0.09

 Somewhat insufficient

-

-

1.2 [0.42–3.39]

0.73

0.18 [0.03–0.93]

0.04*

 Not sufficient

-

-

0.55 [0.20–1.52]

0.25

0.12 [0.01–1.30]

0.08

Amount of pay earned in the past weekb

n/a

 

n/a

   

 More or the same income

-

-

-

-

Reference

-

 Less or no income

-

-

-

-

0.56 [0.23–1.33]

0.19

Food insecurityc

 No

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 Yes

2.14 [1.29–3.55]

0.003**

1.46 [0.96–2.22]

0.08

1.47 [0.60–3.59]

0.39

  1. *p < 0.05
  2. **p < 0.01
  3. aNot included due to lack of significance in bivariate analyses
  4. bCompared to a week in mid-March
  5. cSmaller portions, reducing number of meals, or unable to buy food