Table 1 Eligibility criteria

Leadership intervention

Interventions not explicitly using the term leadership or leadership development was a minor objective

Content of the intervention is sufficiently described

Intervention’s content is insufficiently described

Outcomes reported beyond participant satisfaction

No, or very limited, outcome description

Hospital setting

Primary care and other non-hospital settings

At least one physician (in combination with other healthcare professionals e.g., nurses)

No physicians (residents were also excluded)

Published between January 2010 and March 2021^a

Educational or academic leadership only

Languages other than English