Relationship between three aspects of resilience—adaptive characteristics, withstanding stress, and bouncing back—in hospital workers exposed to prolonged occupational stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study

Table 2 The relationship between adaptive characteristics, time, and their interaction on adverse outcomes to stress over 18 months of working during a pandemic

Fixed Effects	Emotional exhaustion			Psychological distress			Posttraumatic symptoms
Fixed Effects	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	63.44	57.22 – 69.65	< 0.001	21.96	19.81 – 24.11	< 0.001	61.26	52.79 – 69.73	< 0.001
Resilience (RAW)	-0.49	-0.57 – -0.41	< 0.001	-0.17	-0.20 – -0.14	< 0.001	-0.42	-0.54 – -0.31	< 0.001
Time [T2]	0.95	-4.15 – 6.05	0.72	-1.59	-3.54 – 0.36	0.11
Time [T3]	0.59	-4.62 – 5.80	0.82	0.12	-1.87 – 2.10	0.91	-3.71	-11.84 – 4.43	0.37
Time [T4]	-0.73	-5.96 – 4.49	0.78	-2.49	-4.48 – -0.49	0.01
Time [T5]	-1.41	-6.64 – 3.82	0.60	-2.05	-4.04 – -0.06	0.04	-13.05	-21.23 – -4.86	0.002
Time [T6]	-2.26	-7.66 – 3.14	0.41	-1.76	-3.81 – 0.29	0.09
Time [T7]	-1.85	-7.30 – 3.60	0.51	-1.81	-3.89 – 0.27	0.09	-9.74	-18.29 – -1.19	0.03
RAW^*Time [T2]	0.03	-0.05 – 0.10	0.50	0.03	0.00 – 0.06	0.03
RAW^* Time [T3]	0.03	-0.04 – 0.11	0.40	0.02	-0.01 – 0.04	0.31	0.07	-0.05 – 0.19	0.25
RAW^* Time [T4]	0	-0.07 – 0.08	0.91	0.03	0.00 – 0.06	0.03
RAW^* Time [T5]	0.02	-0.05 – 0.10	0.56	0.03	0.00 – 0.06	0.05	0.16	0.04 – 0.27	0.01
RAW^* Time [T6]	0.06	-0.02 – 0.14	0.13	0.04	0.01 – 0.07	0.02
RAW^* Time [T7]	0.04	-0.04 – 0.12	0.37	0.03	0.00 – 0.06	0.03	0.1	-0.02 – 0.23	0.11
Random Effects
σ²	45.87			6.64			110.25
τ₀₀ _{Participant.ID}	81.59			8.79			125.2
ICC	0.64			0.57			0.53
N _{Participant.ID}	517			517			515
Observations	2854			2834			1628
Marginal R² / Conditional R²	0.242 / 0.727			0.243 / 0.674			0.144 / 0.599

ISSN: 1472-6963