Table 1 Characteristics of studies that applied an econometric approach (n = 14)
From: Impact of physical activity on healthcare costs: a systematic review
First author and reference | Country | Study design | Study sample | Confounders | Included healthcare costs | Time frame | Funding / Conflict of interest(COI) | Physical activity comparison category |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aljadhey 2012 [22] | United States | Cross-sectional | Adults aged ≥ 18 years (n = 270,553) | age, gender, race, insurance status, income, smoking, education, BMI | Office and hospital-based care, emergency room visits, inpatient hospital stays, dental visits, home health care, prescribed medications, vision aids, pharmaceutics | 1 year (2002) | Funding not reported/ COI missing | B |
Aoyagi et al. 2011 [23] | Japan | Cross-sectional | Communiity residents ageed ≥ 65 years (n = 5200) | Not reported | Public nursing care insurance costs and national health insurance expenditures of specific diseases, no inpatient costs | 1 year (2009) | Funding reported/No COI declared | B |
Carlson et al. 2015 [24] | United States | Cross-sectional | Adults aged ≥ 21 years (n = 51,165) | age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, census region, area, poverty, health insurance, education, smoking, BMI | Inpatient, outpatient, emergency room, office-based, dental, vision, home health, prescription drug, and other | 1 year (2012) | Funding not reported/no COI declared | A |
Chevan et al. 2014 [25] | United States | Cross-sectional | Adults aged ≥ 18 years (n = 8843) | age, sex, race, income, health status | All health services, drug expenditures, OOPC | 1 year (2012) | Funding not reported/no COI declared | A,B,C |
Dallmeyer et al. 2020 [26] | EU16 countries | Cross-sectional | Adults aged ≥ 50 years (n = 94,267) | age, gender, income, education, marital status, employment and immigration status, retired, children, household size, physical limitations, perceived health status, disease, smoking, overweight | OOPC for in- and outpatient care, drugs or home care | 1 year (2013 and 2015) | Funding not reported/ COI missing | B |
de Boer et al. 2020 [27] | Netherlands | Cross-sectional | 99,8% of the Dutch population aged ≥ 19 years | Not reported | All basic health care; primary, hospital, pharmaceutical, mental health, dental and paramedical care | 1 year (2016) | Funding reported/No COI declared | C |
Kalbarczyk et al. 2019 [28] | Poland | Cross-sectional prospective | Adults aged ≥ 55 years (n = 1733) | age, sex | No information reported | 47 years (2013–2060) | Funding reported/No COI declared | B |
Kang et al. 2017 [29] | United States | Cross-sectional | Adults aged ≥ 18 years (n = 117,361) | age groups, sex, self-rated health, BMI, smoking, instrumental activities of daily living, serious psychological distress, poverty, health insurance, chronic diseases | Preventive, office-based, outpatient, inpatient, emergency department, home health, prescription medicines, OOPC | 1 year (2007- 2011) | Funding reported/no COI declared | B |
Karl et al. 2018 [30] | United Kingdom | Cross-sectional | Adults (age not reported)/ adults aged 48–68 years) (n = 2249/477)a | age, sex, income, smoking, alcohol, reporting on disease, problem walking | Physician visits, in- and outpatient hospital visits, pharmaceuticals | 1 year (2013/ 2014) | Funding not reported/no COI declared | C |
Min et al. 2016 [31] | South-Korea | Cohort | 40 to 69 year old adults (n = 68,556) | age, gender, income, residential area, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI | Inpatient, outpatient, and prescription costs | Several years 2005–2010 | Funding reported/no COI declared | B |
Peeters et al. 2014 [32] | Australia | Longitudinal | Women born in 1946–1951 (± 75 years old, n = 5535) | survey year, marital status, area of residence, education, smoking, BMI, depressive symptom | Subsidized health services by the government and OOPC, not public hospitals | 1 year (2010) | Funding reported/no COI declared | A,B,C |
Peeters et al. 2017 [33] | Australia | Longitudinal | Women aged 75.3 (1.5) years (n = 4678) | BMI, smoking status, depression and ability to walk 100 m | All healthcare costs paid by the government and OOPC, no inpatient hospital costs | 1 year (1999–2013) | Funding reported/no COI declared | A,B,C |
Sato et al. 2020 [34] | United States | Longitudinal observation | Adults aged ≥ 64 years (n = 611) | Not reported | Inpatient and outpatient care | 3 years (2003–2014) | Funding not reported/ COI missing | B |
Yang et al. 2011 [35] | Japan | Longitudinal | Adults aged ≥ 70 year (n = 483) | age, sex, hypertension, diseases, smoking, drinking, BMI, depressive symptoms, cognitive status | Inpatient and outpatient costs | 5.5 years (2002–2008) | Funding reported/ COI missing | B |