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Table 5 Predictors of admission for children: All sites and site-specific multivariate models, showing adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals

From: Factors predictive of hospital admission for children via emergency departments in Australia and Sweden: an observational cross-sectional study

Predictor

All sites model

ED A, SA [Children's]

ED B, QLD [Children's]

ED C, QLD [Mixed]

ED D, SA [Mixed]

ED E, Sweden [Mixed]

(n = 55,697)

(n = 34,657)

(n = 15,956)

(n = 16,677)

(n = 15,638)

Age

< 12 months

0.9 (0.9–0.9)*

0.9 (0.9–1.0)

0.9 (0.8–1.0)

0.7 (0.6–0.8)*

1.3 (1.1–1.5)*

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

0.8 (0.8–0.9)*

0.9 (0.8–1.0)

0.8 (0.7–0.9)*

0.8 (0.7–0.9)*

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

0.7 (0.6–0.9)*

2–5

0.8 (0.8–0.9)*

0.9 (0.8–0.9)*

0.9 (0.8–1.0)

0.7 (0.6–0.8)*

0.9 (0.8–1.1)

0.8 (0.7–1.0)*

6–11

0.8 (0.8–0.9)*

0.8 (0.8–0.9)*

0.9 (0.9–1.0)

0.8 (0.7–0.9)*

0.7 (0.6–0.8)*

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

12–17

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

Sex

Female 

1.0 (reference)

did not enter

1.0 (reference)

did not enter

did not enter

did not enter

Male 

1.0 (1.0–1.1)*

0.9 (0.9–1.0)*

Indigenous status

Not Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander

Not tested

1.0 (reference)

did not enter

1.0 (reference)

did not enter

Not collected

Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander

 

1.3 (1.2–1.5)*

1.4 (1.1–1.8)*

Language spoken at home

Not English

Not tested

Not tested

0.7 (0.6–0.9)*

0.5 (0.3–0.9)*

did not enter

Not collected

English

  

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

  

Insurance status

Public

Not tested

1.0 (reference)

did not enter

1.0 (reference)

did not enter

Not collected

Other

 

0.9 (0.9–1.0)*

 

1.2 (1.0–1.5)*

  

Referral source

Primary care

1.4 (1.3–1.5)*

1.5 (1.4–1.6)*

1.6 (1.4–1.7)*

1.2 (1.1–1.4)*

1.5 (1.3–1.8)*

2.3 (2.0–2.6)*

Self

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

Mode of arrival

Ambulance

2.2 (2.1–2.3)*

3.6 (3.4–3.9)*

2.4 (2.3–2.6)*

1.8 (1.6–2.0)*

2.1 (1.8–2.4)*

3.9 (3.4–4.5)*

Private

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

Triage categorya

Emergency

20.8 (18.6–23.3)* 

22.8 (19.0–27.2)*

26.5 (21.7–32.3)*

20.3 (8.9–46.1)*

11.8 (8.6–16.2)*

6.4 (5.6–7.5)* 

Urgent

4.8 (4.3–5.3)*

4.0 (3.4–4.8)*

4.3 (3.5–5.1)*

5.2 (2.3–11.8)*

3.0 (2.3–4.1)*

2.1 (1.9–2.4)*

Less urgent

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

Day type of arrival

Weekend

0.9 (0.9–0.9)*

0.9 (0.9–1.0)*

0.9 (0.8–0.9)*

0.9 (0.8–1.0)*

did not enter

did not enter

Weekday

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

  

Time of arrivalb

      

Afterhours

0.8 (0.8–0.8)*

0.7 (0.7–0.7)*

did not enter

0.8 (0.7–0.9)*

did not enter

did not enter

In-hours

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

 

1.0 (reference)

  

Season of arrival

Spring

1.1 (1.1–1.2)*

1.2 (1.1–1.2)*

1.2 (1.2–1.3)*

1.0 (0.9–1.1)

1.1 (1.0–1.2)

1.0 (0.9–1.1)

Summer

1.1 (1.1–1.2)*

1.2 (1.1–1.3)*

1.1 (1.0–1.3)*

1.2 (1.0–1.3)*

1.3 (1.1–1.5)*

1.2 (1.0–1.3)*

Autumn

1.1 (1.1–1.2)*

1.2 (1.1–1.3)*

1.0 (0.9–1.1)

1.2 (1.1–1.4)*

1.2 (1.1–1.4)*

1.2 (1.0–1.3)*

Winter

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

Top 5 conditions

Trauma vs. all othersc 

0.6 (0.6–0.6)*

0.5 (0.5–0.5)*

0.6 (0.6–0.7)*

0.5 (0.4–0.5)*

0.1 (0.1–0.2)*

Not tested

Infectious vs. all othersc

0.8 (0.8–0.9)*

0.8 (0.8–0.9)*

0.7 (0.7–0.9)*

1.2 (1.0–1.4)*

0.6 (0.5–0.7)*

Not tested

Ear, nose & throat vs. all othersc

0.4 (0.4–0.4)*

0.4 (0.3–0.4)*

0.3 (0.2–0.3)*

0.7 (0.6–0.9)*

0.3 (0.2–0.4)*

Not tested

Gastrointestinal vs. all othersc 

1.7 (1.6–1.8)*

1.7 (1.5–1.8)*

1.3 (1.2–1.5)*

1.8 (1.5–2.1)*

1.5 (1.3–1.8)*

Not tested

Respiratory vs. all othersc 

2.3 (2.1–2.4)*

2.4 (2.3–2.6)*

2.8 (2.5–3.1)*

3.3 (2.8–3.8)*

2.6 (2.2–2.9)*

Not tested

  1. ED Emergency department, SA South Australia, QLD Queensland, OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval
  2. *Statistically significant (p < 0.05), including if the confidence interval ended or began with 1.0;
  3. aTriage category: Emergency (within 10 min: ATS 1 or 2, Swedish triage red or orange), Urgent (within 60 min: ATS 3 or 4, Swedish triage yellow), less urgent (> 60 min: ATS 5, Swedish triage green or blue)
  4. bTime of arrival: In-hours: 06:00–17:59; After-hours: 18:00–05:59;
  5. creference category is all other diagnoses; Did not enter: tested, but not statistically significant after adjusting for other variables in model; Not tested: due to missing data at one or more sites