Table 2 Descriptive characteristics of the final included studies

Model 1: Single facility Integration

Feldman et al., 2012

USA

n = 314 clients of the AIDS organization

Retrospective record

review (cohort)

To evaluate the Rapid Response System (a set of operating procedures designed to facilitate interdepartmental linkage of clients to mental health evaluation) in an AIDS service organization

Rapid Response System contact and evaluation appointment,

* 64% of clients completed health evaluation

Nakimuli-Mpungu et al., 2014

Uganda

n = 500 PLHIVs

Cross-sectional

To examine the prevalence and cardinal demographic, psychosocial, and clinical features associated with having any depressive disorder, sub-clinical depression, current and lifetime depressive disorders among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in southern

Uganda.

N/A

*Revealed misperception about the etiology and treatment of depression

* CBT technique deemed culturally acceptable

Dodds et al., 2004

USA

Service Article

N/A

N/A

N/A

Namata Mbogga Mukasa et al., 2014

Uganda

10,285 records of PLHIV

Longitudinal study

To assess the effectiveness of case finding and management of non-communicable diseases NCD

N/A

*Improved case finding of patients with NCDs

Esposito-Smythers et al., 2014

USA

N = 17 young PLV

RCT

to test an integrated cognitive behavioral and (CBT/CM) intervention for young people living with HIV (YPLH) with an alcohol and/or cannabis disorder

Provision of Cognitive behavioral therapy

* Significant reductions in alcohol use, withdrawal symptoms, dependence symptoms, and related problems,

Surah et al., 2013

UK Ireland, UK. In-reach

HIV clinic.

n = 37 HIV-infected injecting drug users.

Intervention study

(non-randomized

To evaluate integrated

care versus standard

care offered in

a psychiatric led

clinic

Provision of integrated care (HIV and Mental health0

*Clinical outcomes

improved

*Substance and alcohol

misuse,

HRQOL and

Hospital Anxiety

Nebelkopf and Penagos et al., 2005

USA

N = 45 PLHIV

Survey (pre/pos)

Assess the effectiveness of integrated mental health care

Provision of integrated HIV and mental health care

*Positive changes in quality of life

Wood 2008

USA

Case study

Discusses barriers to care for rural HIV-positive substance abusers, and challenges for rural health care providers

N/A

N/A

Tetrault et al., 2012

USA

N = 47PLHIV

RCT

Assess the feasibility of Integrating buprenorphine/naloxone into HIV treatment settings

Provision of integrated naloxone treatment in HIV care

*Decrease in Viral load

*No improvement in patient outcome detected

Coleman et al., 2012

USA

n = 124 PLHIV

Retrospective cohort

To assess the effectiveness of an integrated, measurement-based approach to depression

Provision of psychopharmacologic and psychological therapies for PLHIV

*Reduced depression scores

Winiarski et a, 2005

USA n = 147 PLHIV

Non-randomized Intervention study

To evaluate the effectiveness of an HIV mental health program integrated into a primary health care setting. Emphasis is on cultural responsiveness

Provision of mental health services for PHIV

*Reduction in mental health problems

*Reduced alcohol use

*Improved social functioning

Farber et al., 2014

USA n = 48 PLHIV

Pre- and Post-intervention Cohort

To assess change in perceived stigma post-intervention

Provision of an integrated mental health program into community-based HIV primary care.

*Reduced self-reported perceived stigma

Vergara-Rodriguez et al., 2012

USA n = 123 dual diagnosis patients

Cohort study

To assess the effect of an integrated treatment program (H-STAR)

Provision of the H_STAR program

*Reduction in alcohol, heroin, and cocaine post-intervention

Model 2: Multi-facility Integration

Rosenberg et al., 2010

USA

N = 236 patients with mental illness, of which 19 are PLHIV

RCT

To assess the STIRR intervention designed to integrate infectious disease programming in mental health settings

Provision of infectious diseases, including HIV, in mental health clinic

*Likelihood of intervention group reducing substance abuse

*Intervention group more likely to be tested for Hepatitis B & C

*No reduction in risky behavior and no increase in HIV knowledge

Curran et al., 2011

USA

N = 249 depressed PLHIV

Randomized Trial

To compare the depression collaborative care intervention to usual depression care.

Provision of collaborative care

-

Sternhell et al., 2012

Australia

Retrospective study

To describe the development and functioning of HIV and hepatitis C mental health in primary care service:  a multidisciplinary team that works with local general practitioners (GPs)

N/A

N/A

Daughters et al., 2010

USA n = 3 case series

Case Series

To examine the integration of HIV and depression medication adherence program

Provision of cognitive-behavioral therapy for HIV-positive people who are substance users

*Improved depression, ART initiation, and adherence rates

Wood and Austin,2009

USA

Service article

To outline the treatment integration needs of HIV-positive substance abusers and describe how one empirically selected social service program originated and continues to assist a community-based approach to

N/A

N/A

Taylor 2005

USA

Report

To describe the development and progress of an HIV program that delivers care for HIV and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive injection drug users

Provision of integrated addiction, psychiatric, HIV, and HCV care

*Adherence to weekly visits was at 99%

*no one stopped treatment because of ongoing drug use or addiction relapse

Duffy et al., 2017

Zimbabwe n = 30

Mixed Methods study

To assess the feasibility of implementing the Stepped-Care model between the community, traditional medicine practitioners, and Health facilities for PLHIV

Training of health care workers, traditional medicine practitioners’ essential information on mental health disorders including alcohol and substance use, the stepped-care mental health and HIV integrated approach, therapeutic communication, and referral procedures

*More PLHIV (> 80%) received a referral for mental health/psychological services

*Increased comfort of healthcare workers to discuss mental illness with patients

*Reduced stigma among healthcare workers

Model 3: Integration through care-coordination

Andersen et al., 2012

South Africa n = 14 HIV positive

Qualitative

To evaluate a nurse-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy among PLHIV

Provide cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence to depression among ART users

*Reduction in depressive symptoms and level of impairment

Sacks et al., 2011

USA n = 76

RCT

To evaluate an integrated therapeutic community aftercare program in which clients learned to coordinate service components (HIV, mental health, and substance abuse) and integrate their treatment.

Provision of a modified therapeutic community aftercare program for PLHIV and are diagnosed with substance and mental disorder

*Moderate treatment effects with substance abuse

Bouis et al., 2007

USA n = 141 Triply diagnosed patients (HIV, mental illness, and substance (4)abuse)

Mixed-Method Study

To assess the effectiveness of an intervention that addresses the behavioral health care needs of HIV-infected individuals with both mental health and substance use problems

Provision of mental health and substance abuse management services in PLHIV

*Decrease in substance abuse

*Reduction of psychiatric symptoms

Increase inappropriate medicine use

Adams et al. 2012b

USA

N = 3 academic clinic

Randomized Control Trial

To design an evidence-based approach to integrate depression care into HIV care

The use of measurement-based care (MBC) to track and assess antidepression tolerance using nonphysician depression care managers

*Facilitated provision of quality antidepressant management

Zaller et al., 2007

USA

116 PLHIV

Evaluation study

To assess a model of integrated substance-use counseling and referral for treatment within a primary care HIV-care

The use of a model of integrated substance abuse counseling and referral

* Success in assessing the substance use and mental health needs of HIV-infected individuals with numerous co-morbidities

*Success in referrals

Sullivan et al., 2015

USA

N = 21 PLHIV

Qualitative study

To explore patients’ experiences working with the nurse guide

N/A

*  Properly trained nurse in this role can provide critical medical and psychosocial support to eliminate barriers to engagement in HIV care, and successfully facilitate patient HIV self-management

Odokonyero et al., 2015

Uganda

N = HIV 10 clinics

Evaluation/Survey

To evaluate a task-sharing, protocolized approach to providing antidepressant care in HIV clinics in Uganda.

N/A

* Benefits of task shifting in LMIC

Adams et al. 2012a

Tanzania

N = 20 HIV patients

Tanzania. Outpatient HIV care and treatment center

Cohort

To test the feasibility

of a task-shifting

model of measurement

based depression

care in an HIV

clinic

N/A

*Decreased depression score

*Improved physical, social and mental health function

Adams et al. 2011

USA n = 144

Survey

To assess the feasibility of integrated depression care

Screen PLHIV for depress

*  Reasonable feasibility in terms of identifying persons with depression

* 31 patients (45%) screened positive for depression