Table 5 Obstacles encountered during collection and transportation and inspection

During collection

N = 4215

Secondary hospital

Tertiary hospital

 Bacterial pollution

793 (55%)

650 (45%)

1443 (34.2%)

41.256

P < 0.001

 Incorrect collection position

367 (53.5%)

319 (46.5%)

686 (16.3%)

 Lack of appropriate technology

393 (59.4%)

269 (40.6%)

662 (15.7%)

 Insufficient sample collection

908 (54.9%)

747 (45.1%)

1655 (39.3%)

 Without marking with relevant information

255 (60.6%)

166 (39.4%)

421 (1%)

 Lack of suitable sample containers

310 (44.5%)

387 (55.5%)

697 (16.5%)

 With out above obstacles (Zero obstacle)

553 (48%)

598 (52%)

1151 (27.3%)

During transportation

N = 980

 Too many samples to send for inspection

252 (50.1%)

251 (49.9%)

503 (51.3%)

29.835

P < 0.001

 Without suitable transport containers

116 (59.8%)

78 (40.2%)

194 (19.8%)

 Long delivery time

113 (37.9%)

185 (62.1%)

298 (30.4%)

 Nonstandard packaging and marking

90 (55.2%)

73 (44.8%)

163 (16.6%)

 Failure to handle sample in time

132 (55.9%)

104 (44.1%)

236 (24.1%)

 Without above obstacles (Zero obstacle)

116 (61%)

74 (39%)

190 (19.4%)

During inspection

N = 266

 Lack of timely feedback channels

69

33

102 (38.3%)

6.5137

P = 0.038

 Communication fails to reach consensus

49

20

69 (26%)

 No regular communication

64

12

76 (28.6%)

 Without above obstacles (Zero obstacle)

68

96

164 (61.7%)