Table 3 The relationship between bed size and the number of sentinel events, category of contributory factors, level of harm, and patient safety culture measures
Bed Size | 50–100 beds | 101–200 beds | 201–300 beds | 301–500 beds | 501 + beds | F-Test | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | N (Mean ± SD) | N (Mean ± SD) | N (Mean ± SD) | N (Mean ± SD) | N (Mean ± SD) | ||
Sentinel Events | |||||||
All Sentinel Events | 20 (1.15 ± 0.37) c,d | 23 (1.83 ± 1.15) a | 14 (1.79 ± 1.19) b | 21 (2.86 ± 2.29) d | 11 (4.09 ± 4.06) a, b, c | F = 4.996** | 0.001 |
Category of Contributory factors | |||||||
CF1: Communication and Information | 15 (1.2 ± 0.41) a | 21 (1.38 ± 0.74) b | 10 (1.6 ± 0.84) | 14 (2.79 ± 1.76) a, b | 10 (2.6 ± 2.46) | F = 4.177** | 0.005 |
CF2: Staff Competency and Performance | 12 (1.17 ± 0.39) | 20 (1.35 ± 0.67) | 11 (1.27 ± 0.65) | 17 (2.41 ± 1.54) | 10 (2.6 ± 2.46) | F = 3.717** | 0.009 |
CF3: Process Issues | 12 (1.08 ± 0.29) a | 21 (1.29 ± 0.64) b | 10 (1.4 ± 0.7) c | 18 (2.11 ± 1.18) | 9 (3.22 ± 3.07) a,b,c | F = 4.735** | 0.002 |
CF4: Human Factors | 13 (1 ± 0) a | 18 (1.17 ± 0.38) b | 11 (1.45 ± 0.82) | 15 (2.53 ± 1.81) | 9 (3 ± 3.54) a, b | F = 3.706** | 0.009 |
CF5: Manpower Planning Issues | 15 (1 ± 0) a | 19 (1.37 ± 0.68) | 11 (1.27 ± 0.65) | 16 (1.75 ± 0.93) a | 8 (1.88 ± 0.99) | F = 3.12* | 0.021 |
CF6: Leadership and Safety Culture | 9 (1 ± 0) a | 16 (1.06 ± 0.25) b | 6 (1.83 ± 0.98) | 14 (2 ± 0.96) a,b | 10 (1.8 ± 0.92) | F = 5.111** | 0.002 |
CF7: Equipment / Technology | 7 (1 ± 0) | 10 (1.1 ± 0.32) | 5 (1.2 ± 0.45) | 10 (1.5 ± 0.71) | 6 (1.33 ± 0.52) | F = 1.462 | 0.236 |
CF8: Environmental Factors | 3 (1 ± 0) | 7 (1 ± 0) | 4 (1 ± 0) | 5 (2 ± 1.22) | 5 (1.4 ± 0.89) | F = 1.94 | 0.145 |
CF9: Others | 3 (1 ± 0) | 6 (1 ± 0) | 3 (1 ± 0) | 7 (1.14 ± 0.38) | 3 (1 ± 0) | F = 0.483 | 0.748 |
CF10: Not Categorized | 2 (1 ± 0) | 7 (1.29 ± 0.49) | 4 (1 ± 0) a | 3 (1 ± 0) | 5 (2 ± 0.71) a | F = 3.778* | 0.024 |
Level of Harm | |||||||
LH1: Death | 14 (1.21 ± 0.43) a | 19 (1.37 ± 0.96) b | 12 (1.42 ± 0.79) c | 18 (2.28 ± 1.27) | 9 (3.44 ± 2.51) a, b,c | F = 6.224*** | < 0.001 |
LH2 No harm | 0 | 6 (1 ± 0) | 3 (1.33 ± 0.58) | 4 (2.5 ± 3) | 4 (1 ± 0) | F = 1.01 | 0.42 |
LH3 Permanent Harm | 1 | 2 (1 ± 0) | 1 | 4 (1 ± 0) | 2 (2.5 ± 2.12) | F = 1 | 0.486 |
LH4 Severe temporary harm | 5 (1 ± 0) | 6 (1.33 ± 0.52) | 3 (1 ± 0) | 3 (1.67 ± 0.58) | 4 (1.25 ± 0.5) | F = 1.541 | 0.238 |
Patient Safety Culture (PSC) Survey | |||||||
D1: Teamwork Within Units | 20 (81.28 ± 5.55) a | 23 (78.53 ± 5.88) b | 14 (76.59 ± 5.7) | 21 (73.59 ± 5.67) a,b | 11 (76.99 ± 4.08) | F = 5.272*** | < 0.001 |
D2: Supervisor/Manager Expectations and Actions Promoting Patient Safety | 20 (63.21 ± 5) | 23 (63.68 ± 7.02) | 14 (62.31 ± 4.82) | 21 (60.54 ± 5.75) | 11 (64.10 ± 5.02) | F = 1.129 | 0.349 |
D3: Organizational Learning—Continuous Improvement | 20 (80.14 ± 5.37) a | 23 (79.13 ± 6.41) | 14 (77.82 ± 3.46) | 21 (75.34 ± 3.63) a | 11 (77.46 ± 4.09) | F = 2.818* | 0.03 |
D4: Management Support for Patient Safety | 20 (60.57 ± 8.73) | 23 (60.12 ± 9.43) | 14 (60.52 ± 10.09) | 21 (57.68 ± 8.62) | 11 (61.80 ± 5.61) | F = 0.511 | 0.728 |
D5: Overall Perceptions of Patient Safety | 20 (57.71 ± 4.48) | 23 (58.93 ± 5.71) | 14 (57.73 ± 5.08) | 21 (56.11 ± 6.09) | 11 (56.90 ± 3.65) | F = 0.844 | 0.501 |
D6: Feedback and Communication About Error | 20 (64.41 ± 6.78) | 23 (64.89 ± 7.57) | 14 (62.54 ± 6.02) | 21 (60.82 ± 5.25) | 11 (64.83 ± 4.53) | F = 1.523 | 0.203 |
D7: Communication Openness | 20 (53.30 ± 5.64) a | 23 (52.88 ± 6.25) | 14 (49.59 ± 3.6) | 21 (48.28 ± 6.49) a | 11 (49.56 ± 5.13) | F = 3.013* | 0.022 |
D8: Frequency of Events Reported | 20 (57.61 ± 6.56) | 23 (59.22 ± 8.5) | 14 (56.71 ± 6.99) | 21 (57.39 ± 5.24) | 11 (62.95 ± 4.71) | F = 1.742 | 0.148 |
D9: Teamwork Across Units | 20 (57.62 ± 9.61) | 23 (54.65 ± 9.45) | 14 (52.05 ± 8.65) | 21 (50.16 ± 9.35) | 11 (55.03 ± 4.19) | F = 2.045 | 0.095 |
D10: Staffing | 20 (30.06 ± 2.98) | 23 (31.63 ± 3.75) | 14 (30.88 ± 4) | 21 (30.22 ± 7.09) | 11 (32.27 ± 5.67) | F = 0.593 | 0.668 |
D11: Handoffs and Transitions | 20 (53.08 ± 9.7) a | 23 (50.81 ± 9.74) | 14 (47.78 ± 7.26) | 21 (44.92 ± 8.8) a | 11 (49.45 ± 5.81) | F = 2.516* | 0.047 |
D12: Nonpunitive Response to Error | 20 (23.08 ± 5.15) | 23 (24.4 ± 9.09) | 14 (21.95 ± 3.66) | 21 (22.04 ± 8.3) | 11 (24.48 ± 6) | F = 0.504 | 0.733 |
Across 12 domains | 20 (56.84 ± 5.12) | 23 (56.57 ± 5.53) | 14 (54.70 ± 4.56) | 21 (53.09 ± 5.59) | 11 (56.32 ± 3.42) | F = 1.929 | 0.113 |
Positive Events Reported (PER) | 20 (53.14 ± 8.28) | 23 (50.78 ± 10.29) | 14 (48.83 ± 8.88) | 21 (48.24 ± 7.72) | 11 (53.69 ± 4.71) | F = 1.361 | 0.254 |
Patient Overall Safety Grade (POSG) | 20 (74.12 ± 9.13) | 23 (75.17 ± 8.44) | 14 (73.83 ± 6.42) | 21 (74.08 ± 6) | 11 (73.90 ± 6.59) | F = 0.104 | 0.981 |