Table 3 Methodological approaches of included studies
Reference | Study Design | Data source | Instrument | Validation and quality assessment | Analysis | LVC measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wiles, 2022 [28] | Delphi expert panel | CPGs | N/A | Consensus procedure | Modified three round e-Delphi process | Direct |
Singh, 2021 [29] | Longitudinal observational | Patient records | SFÖQ | Validated score | Descriptive analysis | Direct |
Licciardone, 2021 [30] | Cross-sectional | Registry data | N/A | N/A | Mc Nemar’s test | Direct |
Bahns, 2021 [31] | Cross-sectional | Survey | Self-developed | Pilot-test; plausibility check | Descriptive analysis with 80% threshold for “good” adherence | Indirect |
Husted, 2020 [32] | Cross-sectional | Survey | Clinical vignettes | Validated by clinicians | #Descriptive analysis #Chi Square test | Indirect |
Alshehri, 2020 [33] | Cross-sectional | Survey | Self-developed | Multiple survey revision | Descriptive analysis | Indirect |
Akindele, 2020 [34] | Cross-sectional | Survey | Self-developed | N/R | Descriptive analysis with 50% threshold for “good” adherence | Indirect |
Gardner, 2018 [35] | Cross-sectional | Survey | Self-developed | Pilot-test | Variance analysis | Indirect |
Ely, 2018 [38] | Cohort-study | Clinical observation | Pre-defined clinical assessment variables | Evidence and clinical opinion | Mixed effects logistic regression model | Direct |
Bier, 2018 [37] | Cohort-study | Survey | STarT Back Screening Tool | N/A | Descriptive analysis | Indirect |
Tumilty, 2017 [38] | Cohort-study | Practice management database | Treatment summary form | N/A | Descriptive analysis | Direct |
Orozco, 2017 [39] | Cross-sectional | Survey | Clinical vignettes | Validated by clinicians | #Descriptive analysis #Chi Square test | Indirect |
Ladeira, 2017 [40] | Cross-sectional | Survey | Clinical vignettes | Validated by clinicians | Descriptive analysis | Indirect |
de Souza, 2017 [41] | Cross-sectional | Survey | Clinical vignettes | Validated by clinicans | Descriptive analysis | Indirect |
Roussel, 2016 [42] | Mixed-methods | Audio-taped consultation & survey | Leventhal’s Common Sense Model | N/R | Descriptive content analysis | Direct |
Billis, 2016 [43] | Mixed-methods | Focus group & survey | Self-developed | N/R | #Descriptive analysis #Chi Square test | Indirect |
Ross, 2014 [44] | Cross-sectional | Survey | Pre-developed clinical examinations | N/R | Relative Risk Ratio | Indirect |
Hendrick, 2013 [45] | Cross-sectional | Survey | Self-developed | Expert opinion and pilot-testing | Logistic Regression analysis | Indirect |
Pincus, 2011 [46] | Cross-sectional | Survey | Self-developed | Items based on previously conducted interview study | #Descriptive analysis #Factor analysis | Indirect |
Freburger, 2011 [47] | Cross-sectional | Survey | Self-developed | N/R | Bivariate and multivariate analyses | Indirect |
Rutten, 2009 [48] | Cross-sectional | Survey | Clinical Vignettes | Theory-based survey (GUIDE Framework); pre-test; Validated by clinicians | #Descriptive analysis #Pearson’s correlation | Indirect |
Liddle, 2009 [49] | Cross-sectional | Survey | Self-developed | Pilot-test | Descriptive analysis | Indirect |
Harman, 2009 [50] | Longitudinal observational | Patient records | N/A | Interrater agreement; focus groups to validate audit results | Descriptive analysis | Direct |
Casserley-Feeney, 2008 [51] | Longitudinal observational | Patient records | N/A | Face validity ensured by pilot testing of 10 charts | #descriptive analysis #Chi Square and t-test | Direct |
Bishop, 2008 [52] | Cross-sectional | Survey | Clinical Vignette | Validated by published expert consensus | #descriptive analysis #ANOVA | Indirect |
Liddle, 2007 [53] | Observational | Focus groups | Pre-developed focus group guide | Check for internal consistency of coding results | Descriptive content analysis | Indirect |
Swinkels, 2005 [54] | Longitudinal observational | Registry data | N/A | N/A | #Descriptive analysis #Chi Square and t-test | Direct |
Strand, 2005 [55] | Longitudinal observational | Structured observations & semi-structured interviews | Thematic content analysis | N/R | #Descriptive content analysis | Direct |
Poitras, 2005 [56] | Longitudinal observational | Survey | Self-developed | Validated by key informant discussion | #descriptive analysis #regional distribution analysis #Chi Square and t-test | Indirect |
Azoulay, 2005 [57] | Longitudinal observational | Survey | Self-developed | Validated by clinicians | Logistic regression analysis | direct |
Schonstein, 2002 [58] | Cross-sectional | Patient records | N/R | N/R | Descriptive content analysis | Direct |
Gracey, 2002 [59] | Longitudinal observational | Survey | Self-developed | Pilot-study | #descriptive analysis #Chi Square test | Indirect |
Li, 2001 [60] | Cross-sectional | Survey | Clinical vignettes | Validated by clinicians | # descriptive analysis # analysis of variance | indirect |