Table 6 Intensity of unnecessary care

Relative risk

Relative risk

Base model

IRT effort

0.89 (0.81– 0.96), p = 0.005

1.09 (0.84– 1.42), p = 0.513

Base model + provider characteristics

IRT effort

0.90 (0.82–0.98), p = 0.013

1.00 (0.78–1.28), p = 0.9935

Female provider

0.86 (0.70–1.04), p = 0.121

0.84 (0.51–1.39), p = 0.500

Bonus (vs fixed salary)

1.26 (1.04–1.52), p = 0.016

2.00 (1.21–3.31), p = 0.007

% of 3 most qualified clinicians who are doctors

0.57 (0.34–0.96), p = 0.035

3.11 (0.86–11.2), p = 0.083

Base model + provider characteristics + facility characteristics

IRT effort

0.91 (0.83–0.99), p = 0.030

1.00 (0.78–1.28), p = 0.993

Female provider

0.86 (0.70–1.05), p = 0.132

0.80 (0.48–1.32), p = 0.379

Bonus (vs fixed salary)

1.27 (1.03–1.56), p = 0.026

2.22 (1.33–3.69), p = 0.002

% of 3 most qualified clinicians who are doctors

0.57 (0.33–0.98), p = 0.043

2.69 (0.78–9.24) p = 0.116

Hospital (vs dispensary)

0.98 (0.75–1.28), p = 0.866

1.11 (0.58–2.14), p = 0.748

Health centre (vs dispensary)

1.09 (0.89–1.33), p = 0.401

1.70 (1.04–2.76), p = 0.034

For-profit (vs not-for-profit)

1.18 (0.95–1.46), p = 0.133

0.75 (0.41–1.35), p = 0.331

Peri-urban (vs rural)

1.08 (0.87–1.35), p = 0.482

1.26 (0.71–2.23), p = 0.432

Urban (vs rural)

0.97 (0.77–1.21), p = 0.777

0.92 (0.51–1.65), p = 0.779

Any insurance revenue

0.87 (0.72–1.06), p = 0.169

0.86 (0.50–1.48), p = 0.578