Table 5 Effort and quality outcomes

Relative risk

Relative risk

Base model

IRT effort

1.81 (1.43–2.30), p < 0.001

0.92 (0.87– 0.97), p = 0.002

Base model + provider characteristics

IRT effort

1.80 (1.42–2.30), p < 0.001

0.92 (0.87–0.97), p = 0.003

Female provider

1.74 (1.16–2.62), p = 0.007

0.91 (0.80–1.04), p = 0.166

Bonus (vs fixed salary)

1.41 (0.85–2.33), p = 0.182

1.14 (1.01–1.29), p = 0.030

% of 3 most qualified clinicians who are doctors

1.61 (0.54–4.86), p = 0.394

0.86 (0.63–1.17), p = 0.332

Base model + provider characteristics + facility characteristics

IRT effort

1.87 (1.47–2.38), p < 0.001

0.93 (0.88–0.98), p = 0.009

Female provider

1.58 (1.06–2.36), p = 0.026

0.90 (0.79–1.03), p = 0.138

Bonus (vs fixed salary)

1.58 (0.94–2.67), p = 0.083

1.14 (1.00–1.30), p = 0.059

% of 3 most qualified clinicians who are doctors

1.39 (0.48–4.03), p = 0.548

0.83 (0.60–1.14) p = 0.247

Hospital (vs dispensary)

1.35 (0.75–2.43), p = 0.314

0.91 (0.75–1.10), p = 0.325

Health centre (vs dispensary)

1.26 (0.78–2.05), p = 0.348

1.03 (0.90–1.17), p = 0.704

For-profit (vs not-for-profit)

0.52 (0.29–0.94), p = 0.029

1.03 (0.90–1.19), p = 0.649

Peri-urban (vs rural)

1.86 (1.12–3.10), p = 0.017

1.08 (0.93–1.26), p = 0.290

Urban (vs rural)

1.09 (0.62–1.91), p = 0.761

0.99 (0.85–1.16), p = 0.944

Any insurance revenue

1.55 (0.84–2.86), p = 0.159

1.00 (0.88–1.14), p = 0.991