Table 1 Documents included in the analysis

Hay, 2005 [1]

The prevalence of symptoms and consultations in pre-school children in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.

Observational study aiming to describe symptom and consultation prevalence in pre-school children.

Domain 1

De Bont, 2015 [19]

Workload and management of childhood fever at general practice out-of-hours care.

Observational study aiming to describe the work of out of hours GPs.

Domain 1 and 5

Veldhoen, 2009 [20]

Changes in infectious disease mortality among children in the Netherlands.

Observational study aiming to examine the changes in mortality due to infectious diseases in childhood over recent decades in the Netherlands.

Domain 1

Pearson, 2008 [21]

Why Children Die: A Pilot Study.

Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health.

Domain 1

Kool, 2015 [22]

Febrile children at a general practice out-of-hours service.

PhD thesis on the management of fever in children in GP practices.

Domain 1

Morley, 1991 [23]

Field trials of the Baby Check score card in general practice.

Observational study aiming to assess the efficacy of a tool to identify children at risk of severe disease.

Domain 1

Hjortdahl, 1991 [24]

C-Reactive Protein: A New Rapid Assay for Managing Infectious Disease in Primary Health Care.

Diagnostic test accuracy study of CRP.

Domain 2

O’Brien, 2019 [25]

CRP POCT to guide antibiotic prescribing in primary care settings for acute respiratory tract infections.

Health technology assessment of CRP POCT.

Domain 2 and 6

Hopstaken, 2003 [26]

Contributions of symptoms, signs, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein to a diagnosis of pneumonia in acute lower respiratory tract infection.

Diagnostic test accuracy study of CRP.

Domain 2

Van Vugt, 2013 [27]

Use of serum C reactive protein and procalcitonin concentrations in addition to symptoms and signs to predict pneumonia in patients presenting to primary care with acute cough: diagnostic study.

Diagnostic test accuracy study of CRP.

Domain 2

Minaard, 2015 [28]

The added diagnostic value of five different C-reactive protein point-of-care test devices in detecting pneumonia in primary care.

Diagnostic test accuracy study of CRP POCT.

Domain 2

Van den Bruel, 2011 [29]

Diagnostic value of laboratory tests in identifying serious infections in febrile children.

Systematic review of the diagnostic test accuracy of various biomarkers including CRP to predict serious bacterial infections.

Domain 2

Kool, 2016 [30]

C-Reactive Protein level as diagnostic marker in young febrile children presenting in a general practice out-of-hours service.

Diagnostic test accuracy study of CRP POCT.

Domain 2

NHG, 2011 [31]

NHG Guidelines for acute cough.

Guidelines from the Dutch college of GPs on cough.

Domain 2

NHG b, 2011 [32]

NHG Guidelines on diverticulitis.

Guidelines from the Dutch college of GPs on diverticulitis.

Domain 2

NHG, 2021 [33]

NHG Guidelines on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Guidelines from the Dutch college of GPs on COPD.

Domain 2

NICE, 2014 [34]

NICE Clinical guideline on pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence’s guidelines for the management of pneumonia.

Domain 2, 3, and 6

Howick, 2014 [13]

Current and future use of point-of-care tests in primary care: an international survey in Australia, Belgium, The Netherlands, the UK and the USA.

Survey about the availability of POCT tests in primary care.

Domain 3

Kip, 2019 [17]

Understanding the adoption and use of point-of-care tests in Dutch general practices using multi-criteria decision analysis.

Case study to guide POC test development and their introduction in clinical practice.

Domain 3

Cals, 2009 [35]

Effect of point of care testing for C- reactive protein and training in communication skills on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections.

Randomised trial to assess the efficacy of CRP POCT to reduce antibiotic prescription in primary care.

Domain 3

Cals, 2010 [36]

Point-of-care C-reactive protein testing and antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections.

Randomised trial to assess the efficacy of CRP POCT to reduce antibiotic prescription in primary care.

Domain 3

Little, 2013 [37]

Effects of internet-based training on antibiotic prescribing rates for acute respiratory-tract infections: a multinational, cluster, randomised, factorial, controlled trial.

Randomised trial to assess the efficacy of CRP POCT to reduce antibiotic prescription in primary care.

Domain 3

Weesie, 2017 [38]

CRP point of care testing and prescribing antibiotics at the GP post.

Before-and-after evaluation of the use of CRP POCT in primary care.

Domain 3

Little, 2019 [39]

Antibiotic Prescribing for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections 12 Months After Communication and CRP Training: A Randomized Trial.

Long term analysis of a randomised trial on the effectiveness of CRP POCT to reduce antibiotic prescription.

Domain 3

Cals, 2011 [40]

C-reactive protein point of care testing and physician communication skills training for lower respiratory tract infections in general practice: economic evaluation of a cluster randomized trial.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of C-Reactive Protein POCT to reduce antibiotic prescribing in primary care.

Domain 3

Holmes, 2018 [41]

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of the Use of Point-of-Care C-Reactive Protein Testing to Reduce Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Care.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of C-Reactive Protein POCT to reduce antibiotic prescribing in primary care.

Domain 3

Kroneman, 2016 [42]

The Netherlands Health system review.

In-depth review of the Dutch health system.

Domain 5 and 6

Cylus, 2015 [43]

United Kingdom Health system review

In-depth review of the British health system.

Domain 5 and 6

UK Government, 2014 [44]

International comparisons of selected service lines in seven health systems.

Case study describing GP posts in the Netherlands.

Domain 5 and 6

Mossialos, 2017 [45]

International profiles of healthcare systems, 2016.

In-depth review of the Dutch health system.

Domain 5 and 6

Mguire, 2011 [46]

Which urgent care services do febrile children use and why?

Observational study aiming to explore how parents navigate urgent and emergency care services when their child < 5 years old has a feverish illness

Domain 5 and 6

Wolfe, 2016 [47]

Child Health Systems in the United Kingdom (England)

In-depth review of child health services in England.

Domain 5 and 6

Bentum, 2018 [48]

Determining factors that influence purchasing laboratory services in primary care.

MSc dissertation

Domain 5

NVKC, 2015 [49]

Guidelines: Point of care testing (POCT) in general practice.

Dutch College of GPs and the Dutch Association for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine guidelines for the use of POCT tests in primary care.

Domain 5

NHS, 2020 [50]

Diagnostics recovery and renewal.

Independent review of the diagnostic services for NHS England.

Domain 5 and 7

Wammes, 2020 [51]

International Health Care System Profiles: Netherlands

In-depth review of the Dutch health system.

Domain 5

Nuffield trust, 2014 [52]

The NHS payment system: evolving policy and emerging evidence.

Independent review of the NHS payment system.

Domain 5

NHS England, 2020 [53]

Delegated commissioning of primary medical services.

NHS England website.

Domain 5

UKADC, 2018 [54]

CRP & POC Accelerated Learning Workshop 2018

Workshop organised by NHS England to explore facilitators and barriers to the implementation of CRP POCT in the NHS

Domain 5

Dutch government, 2015 [55]

Tackling antimicrobial resistance, the Dutch one health approach.

Summary of the Dutch antibiotic resistance policy.

Domain 6

ECDC, 2019 [56]

Antimicrobial consumption in the EU/EEA

Report on trends in antimicrobial consumption for systemic use in the community (primary care sector) in Netherlands, United Kingdom from 1997 to 2019

Domain 6

UK government, 2013 [57]

UK 5-year antimicrobial resistance strategy 2013 to 2018.

British antimicrobial resistance plan.

Domain 6

Anyanwu, 2019 [58]

Conceptualising the Integration of Strategies by Clinical Commissioning Groups in England towards the Antibiotic Prescribing Targets for the Quality Premium Financial Incentive Scheme: A Short Report

Qualitative study reporting antimicrobial stewardship measures used by CCGs.

Domain 6

van der Linden, 2001 [59]

Integration of care in The Netherlands: the development of transmural care since 1994.

National survey to determine the success of the bottom-up policy and the extent of the development of transmural care.

Domain 6

Maile, 2022 [60]

Back to the future? Lessons from the history of integrated child health services in England.

Review of the history of integration in the English National Health Service. 

Domain 6

European Commission, 2021 [61]

CE marking.

Information on the European Union’s single market standards.

Domain 6

UK Accreditation Standards, 2022 [62]

Point of care testing accreditation.

UK standard for POC accreditation

Domain 6

NZA, 2011 [63]

Decisions of the Board of Directors October 11, 2011.

Official decision by the Dutch Health Authority to include CRP POCT in the list of reimbursable consumables.

Thomson, 2020 [64]

Private Health Insurance history politic and performance

In-depth review of the private health insurance schemes

Domain 6

European Commission, 2016 [65]

The Netherlands Health Care & Long-Term Care Systems.

In-depth review of the Dutch health systems by the European Commission.

Domain 6

Borisenko, 2018 [66]

Innovative payment schemes for medical technologies and in- vitro diagnostic tests in Europe.

Report by the European invitro diagnostic industry association about reimbursement schemes.

Domain 6

Derksen, 2011 [67]

Medical tests (assessment of established medical science and medical practice).

Processes for the evaluation of diagnostics by the Zoorg Institute Netherlands.

Domain 6

Thomson, 2009 [68]

Financing healthcare in the European Union.

In-depth review of financing mechanisms for healthcare

Domain 6

Anderson, 2021 [69]

Re-laying the foundations for an equitable and efficient health and care service after COVID-19

LSE-Lancet Commission on the future of the NHS.

Domain 6

OECD, 2020 [18]

Health spending, 2020.

Report on health spending in countries member of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.

Domain 6

Steel, 2018 [70]

Changes in health in the countries of the UK and 150 English Local Authority areas 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

Systematic analysis of the burden of disease in the UK.

Domain 6

ROS Robuust 2021 [71]

ROS Robuust.

Website of regional support organization

Domain 6

AHSN, 2021 [72]

Academic Health Science Network.

Website of national support organization

Domain 6

Van den Bruel, 2016 [73]

C-reactive protein point-of-care testing in acutely ill children: a mixed methods study in primary care.

Randomised clinical trial in England.

Domain 6

UKADC, 2021 [74]

United Kingdom Antimicrobial Diagnostics Collaboration

Website of public institution supporting the implementation of diagnostics.

Domain 6

Johnson, 2018 [75]

Funding and policy incentives to encourage implementation of point-of-care C-reactive protein testing for lower respiratory tract infection in NHS primary care: a mixed-methods evaluation.

Implementation research study about the the introduction of a reimbursement scheme for the adoption of CRP POC tests.

Domain 6

Eley, 2020 [76]

Effects of primary care C-reactive protein point-of-care testing on antibiotic prescribing by general practice staff: pragmatic randomised controlled trial, England, 2016 and 2017.

Randomised clinical trial in England.

Domain 6

Wakeman, 2018 [77]

Point-of-care C-reactive protein testing in community pharmacy to deliver appropriate interventions in respiratory tract infections (RTIs)

Study investigating the feasibility of a rural community pharmacy offering this service and delivering the most appropriate intervention in RTIs.

Domain7

Zorginstituut, 2019 [78]

Report initial meeting Sensible Care Lower respiratory tract infection and pneumonia.

Minutes of the meeting of the Zoorg Institute working group assessing the quality of primary care

Domain 7

Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, 2015 [79]

Rapid diagnostics: stopping unnecessary use of antibiotics. The review on antimicrobial resistance.

Independent review on antimicrobial resistance commissioned by the UK government.

Domain 7